考虑能源、环境影响的住宅建筑节能CGE模型构建

中国承诺将于2030年左右使单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降60%—65%,排放总量达到峰值并争取尽早实现。我国目前的碳排放主要来自工业、交通运输业和建筑业,其中建筑业碳排放约40%,所占比重最大,而高达550亿m2的存量住宅能耗和排放是建筑业碳排放的主力。住宅建筑节能是关系到我国建筑业节能减排目标能否顺利实现的重要因素,是我国节能减排工作的重要领域。构建一个可用于衡量住宅建筑节能对资源环境及经济发展影响的可计算模型是推动住宅建筑节能工作的重要基础。本文尝试以CGE标准模型为基础,依次对住宅建筑生产模块、污染排放模块、节能住宅建筑模块、动态模块和环境福利模块进行详细构建说明。在四方面对标准模型进行扩展:第一,将生产要素扩展为资本、劳动和能源要素束,能源要素束被深化分解为清洁能源与非清洁能源束,然后再予深化细化;第二,依据差异的贸易伙伴将进出口细化为差异的国家和地区;第三,将建筑污染排放作为一个特殊部门,建立建筑污染排放模块,纳入到CGE模型中,并将污染要素纳入到效应函数中;第四,依据资本增长模型,建立动态模块。通过将住宅建筑节能作为变量扩展到标准CGE模型的方法,构建了住宅建筑节能CGE扩展模型。借助该扩展模型,可以研究非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与经济增长之间的内在关系,进而破解非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与住宅建筑节能快速发展之间难以协调的矛盾。在本文研究成果的基础上,可进一步建立相应的社会核算矩阵(SAM),并对各种函数的参数估计和敏感性检验进行实证分析。     

重庆地区夏季非空调室内环境的热舒适研究

通过问卷调查和现场测试方法对重庆某高校校舍和居民住宅的夏季室内热环境进行了调研，获得了530份有效问卷，采用Bin法划分温度区间，将各区间内的有效温度与平均热感觉进行线性回归分析，得到热中性有效温度为255℃，给出非空调环境下夏季80%可接受的有效温度范围为226℃～266℃，同时分析了非空调环境下预测热感觉与实测热感觉的差异，最后以重庆村镇典型住宅为例，对使用风扇改善室内热环境进行了评价。研究成果可为重庆地区非空调环境的热舒适评价提供参考，为进一步完善重庆地区热舒适标准提供科学依据，对采用风扇改善热环境和减少空调运行时间、降低建筑能耗有一定的指导意义。     

重庆村镇住宅热湿环境现状及评价

通过对重庆地区村镇住宅的实地调研和村镇典型住宅温湿度连续监测,获得了重庆地区村镇住宅的主要围护结构形式以及典型房屋2010年1～9月的室内热湿环境状况，并利用重庆地区自然通风适应性热舒适性评价模型进行了分析。结果表明：现有墙体热工性能最好的是180红砖内外水泥砂浆抹灰外贴瓷砖形式，测试房屋冬季室内最低温度为83℃，最高相对湿度为962%，夏季室内最高温度为344℃，最高相对湿度为99%。监测数据中相对湿度大于70%的时数占总测试时数的93%。住宅围护结构的冷热抵御能力和湿舒适湿卫生条件都很差。采暖季节室内达到舒适只有2 d，空调季节有58 d，村镇地区围护结构冬季保温要求比夏季隔热显得更为突出     

建筑节能改造中内保温构造技术的应用

对建设年代较早的既有建筑进行节能改造是建筑节能工作的一项重要内容,基于建筑围护结构内、外保温构造做法的适用条件和热工效果,以河南开封地区既有多层住宅建筑为例,通过保温隔热节能构造方案对比分析,对冬季采用间歇式供暖和夏季使用空调降温的寒冷地区既有多层住宅建筑墙体外围护结构来讲,内保温构造做法是相对节能的优化方案。在建立热工学计算模型的基础上,提出围护结构内保温构造技术的具体做法,并对改造后的节能效果进行了量化评价,其节能效果显著。为了防止墙体围护结构内部产生冷凝,保证墙体在使用过程中具有良好的保温隔热及节能效果,围护结构需设置隔汽层,并辅以装饰保温隔热材料做室内吊顶的节能改造措施,以最大程度地获得建筑节能改造效果。     

基于情景分析法的中国馆碳减排效益评估

建筑部门的低碳发展已成为推进我国低碳经济至关重要的一个组成部分,因此正确客观地评价建筑的低碳水平具有重要的指导意义。本文以2010年上海世博会中国馆为研究对象,采用碳排放情景分析法,针对中国馆的基准建筑与实际建筑,计算其世博结束后正常运行条件下的碳排放水平,评估中国馆实际建筑的碳减排效益。使用建筑能耗模拟软件DesignBuilder对建筑全年能源消耗水平进行了模拟,并通过相应能源品种的碳排放因子分别计算了实际建筑和基准建筑的碳排放水平;同时应用全生命周期方法(LCA)分析了中国馆实际建筑应用太阳能光伏、LED照明技术相比于基准建筑所带来的减排效益。结果表明:世博结束后正常运行条件下,中国馆实际建筑年碳排放量为18 969 t CO2e,基准建筑年碳排放量为25 770 t CO2e,因此,相比基准建筑,中国馆实际建筑一年减排6 801 t CO2e,年碳减排率为26.4%;减排效益主要由节能设计及绿色技术贡献,分别占96.3%和3.7%。本文通过综合评估中国馆的碳减排效益,以期为我国公共建筑低碳工作的开展进行有益的探索。     

基于STIRPAT模型的中国城镇生活能源消费影响因素研究

为探究人口规模、收入水平、消费倾向、节能政策和技术等因素对中国城镇生活能源消费的影响,基于拓展的STIRPAT模型并运用2000~2013年中国省际面板数据对各影响因素的效应进行评估。结果显示:城镇生活能源强度、城镇居民消费倾向、人均可支配收入、城镇化率、总人口、政策综合力度6个因素的增长率每变化1%,将会引起城镇生活能源消费量增长率0.9322%、0.8537%、(0.559 2+0.169 2 ln DI)%、0.599 8%、0.408 0%、-0.012 0%的变化,表明除节能政策外,其余5因素均正向促进城镇生活能耗增长。其中生活能源强度对城镇生活能耗影响最大,节能政策虽会抑制城镇生活能耗增长,但作用较为微弱。政府需继续加强节能政策综合实施力度,从而实现生活能源消费领域的节能减排。     

北方采暖地区居住建筑低碳标准研究

建筑与工业和交通并列为温室气体排放的三大重点领域,同时,建筑也是碳减排成本相对较低的领域,控制建筑领域温室气体排放是应对气候变化的重点和优先领域。设计和建造低碳建筑是控制建筑领域碳排放的重要途径,已经成为国际建筑发展的新趋势。欧洲各国正研究制定低碳或零碳建筑的法定标准,美国也在推行建筑零能源账单计划。我国从1995年开始实施建筑节能设计标准,2006年又推出绿色建筑评价标准,但目前尚没有低碳建筑标准。本文在研究国内外大量绿色建筑标准、节能建筑标准的基础上,首先界定了低碳建筑的含义,然后基于一个三星级绿色建筑实例,采用层次分析法、德尔菲法和案例分析法,从建筑的外围护结构、可再生能源利用等10个方面,选取了42项指标,研究制定了北方采暖地区居住建筑的低碳建筑评价标准。本文认为,低碳建筑是指单位建筑面积的碳排放至少低于依照国家建筑节能设计标准建造的参照建筑的建筑。建设低碳建筑有两种途径,一是提高建筑的能源利用效率,二是提高可再生能源在建筑中的利用比例。构建低碳建筑标准,首先要超越现行的国家建筑节能标准和绿色建筑评价标准,覆盖范围要更广,标准要求要更高;其次,要强调建筑本体节能优先,突出建筑围护结构热工性能和体形系数等设计要求;再次,要强调可再生能源的规模化利用,鼓励安装储能和能源输出设施,建设"零碳建筑"和"负碳建筑";最后,要注重建筑全生命周期的碳减排,针对建筑项目开发的各个环节制定标准控制和评价方法,增强标准的针对性和实用性。本文建议以本标准为参考尽快制定国家低碳建筑标准,制定低碳建筑的量化评价与考核方法,并将低碳建筑纳入国家政策支持范围。     

生命周期视角下中国建筑业能源区域消耗特征研究

建筑业能源消耗全生命周期核算与特征分析对建筑节能与绿色建筑建设具有较大的意义。本文在生命周期视角下,构建建筑业能耗生命周期核算模型,测算建筑材料准备、施工、运营、拆除阶段能源消耗,分析建筑业能耗的全生命周期特征;以25个省市为例,研究不同经济水平、不同气候区等条件下各省市建筑业能源消耗特征,解析能耗控制重点。结果显示,2016年中国建筑业96.30%的能耗源于材料准备阶段(51.41%)和建筑运营阶段(44.89%),数据显示,自2011年以来材料准备阶段就超过运营阶段成为能耗主要领域,钢结构建筑比例的增加致使材料准备阶段能耗明显增加,但从全生命周期来看较为节能; 25个省市因经济水平、气候区的差异,而出现"建筑运营阶段能耗高于材料准备阶段能耗区域(Ⅰ类区)""材料准备阶段能耗高于建筑运营阶段能耗区域(Ⅱ类区)",Ⅰ类区主要为东北严寒地区、西北严寒地区、南部夏热冬暖地区,其因供暖或制冷时间长、强度大而使建筑运营阶段能耗较高,而华北、华东地区的北京、上海等经济发达地区因城市扩张受限、人口高度集中、公共建筑运营强度大等使建筑运营阶段能耗高; Ⅱ类区主要为中东部寒冷地区及夏热冬冷地区,经济相对发达、城镇化进程较快等使建筑施工面积不断增加,建造材料能耗高于运营能耗。因此,各省市应该根据本省的经济发展水平和所属气候区,把材料准备阶段和运营阶段作为重点,有针对性地采取节能减排措施,以实现中国建筑业能源消耗全过程控制。     

建筑节能对建筑能耗的直接经济和环境影响测算模型及其实证分析

当前节能减排是我国各级政府的主要工作任务."十一五"建筑节能目标占社会总节能目标的21%,建筑节能是我国节能工作的重要内容.本研究采用数量经济方法,建立建筑节能对建筑能耗的直接经济和环境影响测算模型.在合理的情景假定下.应用该模型测算,得出结论:"十一五"建筑节能目标的各项分解任务和总的节能任务可在3年内完成.3年中每年的建筑节能量对"十一五"期间平均每年节能任务的贡献率分别是17.28%,34.55%,51.83%.3年中每年因建筑节能而减少的主要污染物的排放量对"十一五"期间平均每年减排任务的贡献率分别是76%,152%和228%.最后提出既有建筑节能改造的节能任务可以适当增加的政策建议.     

中国建筑业CO_2排放与产值、能耗的脱钩分析

减少CO2排放是全球以及我国应对气候变暖的最有效措施。建筑业是环境污染和CO2排放的主要部门之一,是减少CO2排放的重点对象。本文采用排放系数法计算了1996-2012年我国建筑业的CO2排放量,并基于脱钩理论分析了我国建筑业CO2排放与建筑业产值、能源消耗的脱钩情况,利用LMDI分解模型对我国建筑业CO2排放的影响因素进行了分解,结果表明:我国建筑业能耗和CO2排放1996-2012年可分为三个阶段:降低阶段(1996-1997年)、稳定增长阶段(1998-2007年)、快速增长阶段(2008-2012年)。1996-2012年我国建筑业的能耗、产值、CO2排放在总量上均有了一定的增长,能耗从1334.5万t标准煤增加到6 167.37万t标准煤;产值从8 955.23亿元增加到156 610.24亿元;CO2排放从1 879.530 3万t涨到4 756.864 8万t。1996-2012年建筑业CO2排放量与建筑业产值之间大部分时间呈现弱脱钩状态,建筑业能源消耗与建筑业产值之间整体大部分时间也呈现弱脱钩状态,建筑业CO2排放与能源消耗之间慢慢呈现出强脱钩状态。依据研究结果给出如下建议:1做好建筑业CO2排放及能耗的实时监控,大力应用新型能源及技术,运用排放系数小或者零排放的能源材料替代排放大的能源材料,优化建筑业能源消耗结构;2加大对建筑技术的开发以及建筑业机械化进程的投入;3加强对从业人员节能减排意识的培养。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.