浙江省酸雨现状及其对农业可持续发展的影响

调查研究了浙江省酸雨污染现状。结果表明，全省的酸雨污染呈增强趋势，从“六五”期间到“八五”期间，降水ｐＨ年均值从５．０以上降至４．７以下，酸雨率从３５％升至６３．３％，全省酸雨覆盖率达９５％，而且酸雨污染由城市向农村蔓延。同时，对酸雨对浙江省农业持续发展的影响进行了评述。     

Andersen酸雨采样器与国产酸雨采样器监测数据对比分析

对美国Andersen酸雨采样器与国产酸雨采样器在pH、电导率、雨量三方面的采样性能作了比较试验，结果表明监测数据基本一致，其中pH值的可比性最好，相关系数达到0.99;Andersen酸雨采样器采集的样品其电导率普遍低于国产酸雨采样器，说明该仪器在防颗粒物干扰方面性能较好。     

陆地生态环境酸沉降敏感性研究

酸雨对生态环境的影响已成为全球性的重大环境问题，本文在总结了世界酸雨现状、酸雨的生态危害、酸雨对土壤系统的影响及生态系统酸沉降敏感性等方面研究现状的基础上，对各方面的研究进展、存在的问题及发展趋势进行了评述和展望，并提出了若干研究方向及进一步研究需要注意的问题。     

俄罗斯圣彼得堡附近森林受酸雨影响严重

由俄罗斯、美国、瑞典等国的科学家组成的国际科研小组。在俄罗斯圣彼得堡附近开展酸雨对土壤和森林的影响研究。研究发现，50年内，酸雨巳使肥沃的土壤退化到云衫属树林不再能健康生长的程度。研究人员认为，即使当地气候比以前更温暖、湿润，树木生长仍会出现上述恶劣影响。俄罗斯提供了酸雨时代前保存的土壤样品，使测量和追踪酸雨对土壤及树木的影响得以顺利进行。研究认为，该项成果对美国东北部森林．尤其是纽约州北部山区有参考意义，那里的土壤对酸雨更为敏感。     

酸雨对建筑材料的影响及防治研究综述

综合分析了酸雨对建筑外墙的涂料、石材、混凝土等主要建筑构件的腐蚀原理，并提出了防治措施，来预防酸雨对建筑材料的侵害。     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下，不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强，化学形态转化明显，迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性。     

模拟酸雨对土壤中的铜释放与缓冲作用研究

研究了模拟酸雨淋溶过程中对南方主要土壤重金属Cu的缓冲及释放现象。结果表明，土壤的Cu释放量随淋溶模拟酸雨pH值的下降而增大，酸雨的pH值是影响土壤重金属离子释放和迁移的主要因素，当pH〈3．0时，Cu的释放量明显增加，并且增长迅速。此外，淋溶量也是影响土壤中Cu释放的重要因素。     

酸雨对植物生长的影响

本文综述了近些年来国内外酸雨对植物生长影响的研究概况。认为酸雨对玉米及某些品种的大豆花粉的萌发有抑制作用;酸雨对松林虫害的发生具有潜在的促进作用。还认为酸雨与干旱、酸雨与SO_2对植物的复合影响具有明显的协同效应。     

浙江省酸雨的时空分布、成因和趋势

本文对近四年来浙江省酸雨大普查的实测资料进行综合分析,并结合浙江省的实际情况,对该地区酸雨时空分布和化学组分构成的特征、影响因素和发展趋势进行研究。燃煤排放的硫氧化物是酸雨形成的主要来源,地形和气候是加剧酸雨形成的重要条件,酸雨形成加剧存在着潜在性危险,酸雨正从城市向农村蔓延。     

广东区域酸雨污染模拟研究

运用数值模拟方法，使用一年365日的风速资料、12个月的降水资料和环境监测资料以及年平均的污染源资料，对广东地区的酸雨污染进行了较细致的分析。结果认为，以日为基础的累积计算，对于提高模拟酸雨污染的能力是很有帮助的。广东省的酸雨污染主要是由自身排放的污染物造成，外来的污染是次要的，在广东边界地区发现受到外省污染的显著痕迹。     

Effects and mechanisms of the combined pollution of lanthanum and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings

Rare earth pollution and acid rain pollution are both important environmental issues worldwide. In regions which simultaneously occur, the combined pollution of rare earth and acid rain becomes a new environmental issue, and the relevant research is rarely reported. Accordingly, we investigated the combined effects and mechanisms of lanthanum ion (La³⁺) and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings. The combined pollution of low-concentration La³⁺ and acid rain exerted deleterious effects on the phenotype and growth of roots, which were aggravated by the combined pollution of high-concentration La³⁺ and acid rain. The deleterious effects of the combined pollution were stronger than those of single La³⁺ or acid rain pollution. These stronger deleterious effects on the root phenotype and growth of roots were due to the increased disturbance of absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients in roots.     

Acid rain and pollen germination in corn

The properties of an acid rain episode that could influence the germination of pollen in corn, Zea mays L., were evaluated by treating silks with a simulated acid rain and measuring the subsequent germination of pollen on the silks. The data indicated that acid rain creates an inhospitable environment for pollen germination on the silk surface. Reduced germination appeared directly related to the acidity of the rain, but not the sulphate concentration. Rinsing silks with a pH 5.6 rain after treatment with a pH 2.6 rain did not increase pollen germination above that on silks treated only with a pH 2.6 rain, suggesting the reduced germination was due to physical and/or chemical modifications of the silk surface and not to residual acid on the tissue. Pollen germination on silks was inhibited even when silk tissue was exposed to a simulated rain of pH 2.6 for <1.5min.     

Combined effects of lanthanum ion and acid rain on growth, photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in soybean seedlings

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been accumulated in the agricultural environment. Acid rain is a serious environmental issue. In the present work, the effects of lanthanum ion (La³⁺) and acid rain on the growth, photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in soybean seedlings were investigated using the gas exchange measurements system, chlorophyll fluorometer, transmission electron microscopy and some biochemical techniques. It was found that although the growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings treated with the low concentration of La³⁺ was improved, the growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were obviously inhibited in the combined treatment with the low concentration of La³⁺ and acid rain. At the same time, the chloroplast ultrastructure in the cell of soybean seedlings was destroyed. Under the combined treatment with the high concentration of La³⁺ and acid rain, the chloroplast ultrastructure in the cell of soybean seedlings was seriously destroyed, and the growth and of photosynthesis were greatly decreased compared with those of the control, the single treatment with the high concentration of La³⁺ and the single treatment with acid rain, respectively. The degree of decrease and destruction on chloroplast ultrastructure depended on the increases in the concentration of La³⁺ and acid rain (H⁺). In conclusion, the combined pollution of La³⁺ and acid rain obviously destroyed the chloroplast ultrastructure of cell and aggravated the harmful effect of the single La³⁺ and acid rain on soybean seedlings. As a new combined pollutant, the harmful effect of REEs ions and acid rain on plant should be paid attention to.     

Effect of simulated acid rain on quantity of epiphytic microfungi on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

The effects of simulated acid rain on the phyllosphere microflora of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied experimentally in northern Finland during the summer of 1988. Trees were irrigated with artificial acid rain of pH4 and pH3 (H(2)SO(4) and HNO(3), weight ratio of S:N=2.86:1). Untreated trees and trees irrigated with spring water (pH6) were used as controls. Two sampling heights (0.5m and 2m) were used. The needles were colonized exclusively by epiphytic fungi, mainly Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud. The lower branches had significantly more epiphytic fungi than the upper branches. Compared to the control trees, the numbers of epiphytic fungi were significantly decreased on the needles of trees irrigated with acid rain. Acid rain affected the number of epiphytic fungi equally at both sampling heights. The species composition of the epiphytic fungi was not affected by the acid treatments.     

Effects of simulated acid rain and ozone on foliar chemistry of field-grown Pinus ponderosa seedlings and mature trees

We investigated the additive and interactive effects of simulated acid rain and elevated ozone on C and N contents, and the C:N ratio of one-year-old and current-year foliage of field-grown mature trees and their half-sib seedlings of a stress tolerant genotype of ponderosa pine. Acid rain levels (pH 5.1 and 3.0) were applied weekly to foliage only (no soil acidification or N addition), from January to April, 1992. Plants were exposed to two ozone levels (ambient and twice-ambient) during the day from September 1991 to November 1992. The sequential application of acid rain and elevated ozone mimicked the natural conditions. Twice-ambient ozone significantly decreased foliar N content (by 12-14%) and increased the C:N ratio of both one-year-old and current-year foliage of seedlings. Although similar ozone effects were also observed on one-year-old foliage of mature trees, the only statistically significant effect was an increased C:N ratio when twice-ambient ozone combined with pH 3.0 rain (acid rain by ozone interaction). Enhancing the effect of twice-ambient ozone in increasing the C:N ratio of one-year-old foliage of mature trees in June was the only significant effect of acid rain.     

模拟酸雨对氧化锰吸附砷(Ⅲ)的解吸行为研究

以合成的氧化锰为吸附剂研究了酸雨pH值、酸雨离子强度、解吸时间和解吸次数等因素对模拟酸雨解吸砷(Ⅲ)的影响。实验结果表明:氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)吸附容量较大,等温平衡吸附量为:48.38 mg/g。模拟酸雨的pH值与离子强度对砷(Ⅲ)的解吸影响不大;解吸反应在90 min后基本达到平衡,平衡解吸量为2.69×10-2mg/g;随解吸次数的增加解吸量变化不大。氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附主要是专性的配位吸附,吸附砷(Ⅲ)后难以被模拟酸雨解吸。     

Effects of rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and anion content of simulated rain on subterranean clover

An experiment was conducted to determine the extent to which rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, and anions in simulated rain affect plant growth response to acid deposition. Germinating subterranean clover seeds were planted in steam-pasteurized soil in pots and inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum, R. leguminosarum + G. intraradices, R. leguminosarum + G. etunicatum, or no microbial symbionts. Beginning 3 weeks later, plants and the soil surface were exposed to simulated rain in a greenhouse on 3 days week(-1) for 12 weeks. Rain solutions were deionized water amended with background ions only (pH 5.0) or also adjusted to pH 3.0 with HNO3 only, H2SO4 only, or a 50/50 mixture of the two acids. Glomus intraradices colonized plant roots poorly, and G. intraradices-inoculated plants responded like nonmycorrhizal plants to rhizobia and rain treatments. Variation in plant biomass attributable to different rain formulations was strongest for G. etunicatum-inoculated plants, and the effect of rain formulation differed with respect to nodulation by rhizobia. The smallest plants at the end of the experiment were noninoculated plants exposed to rains (0.38 g mean dry weight total for 3 plants pot(-1)). Among nonnodulated plants infected by G. etunicatum, those exposed to HNO3 rain were largest, followed by plants exposed to HNO3 + H2SO4, pH 5.0, and H2SO4 rain, in that order. Among plants inoculated with both R. leguminosarum + G. etunicatum, however, the greatest biomass occurred with pH 5.0 rains, resulting in the largest plants in the study (1.00 g/3 plants). Treatment-related variation among root and shoot biomass data reflected those for whole-plant biomass. Based on quantification of biomass and N concentrations in shoot and root tissues, total N content of plants inoculated with G. etunicatum alone and exposed to the HNO3 + H2SO4 rains was approximately the same as plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum + G. entunicatum and exposed to pH 5 rains. Thus, the acid-mixture rains and rhizobia under no acid deposition provided approximately equal amounts of N in biomass. The significant interactions among rain formulation and the symbiotic status of the plants suggest that conclusions concerning the impact of acid deposition on plants in the environment cannot be considered reliable because most experiments on which such assessments are based have not tested confounding influences of microorganisms and precipitation characteristics.     

The individual and combined effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on growth, gas exchange rate and water-use efficiency of Pinus armandi Franch

The seedlings of Pinus armandi Franch. were exposed to ozone (O(3)) at 300 ppb for 8 h a day, 6 days a week, and simulated acid rain of pH 3.0 or 2.3, 6 times a week, alone or in combination, for 14 weeks from 15 June to 20 September 1993. The control seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air and simulated rain of pH 6.8 during the same period. Significant interactive effects of O(3) and simulated acid rain on whole plant net photosynthetic rate were observed, but not on other determined parameters. The exposure of the seedlings to O(3) caused the reductions in the dry weight growth, root dry weight relative to the whole plant dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate in light, water-use efficiency and root respiration activity, and increases in shoot/root ratio, and leaf dry weight relative to the whole plant dry weight without an appearance of acute visible foliar injury, but did not affect the dark respiration rate and transpiration rate in the darkness. The decreased net photosynthetic rate was considered to be the major cause for the growth reduction of the seedlings exposed to O(3). On the other hand, the exposure of the seedlings to simulated acid rain reduced the net photosynthetic rate per unit chlorophyll a + b content, but did not induce the significant change in other determined parameters.     

模拟酸雨对大宝山尾矿淋滤实验研究

在模拟酸雨作用下,研究了大宝山尾矿中重金属Cd、Pb及Mn的释放规律及动力学。结果表明,在淋滤液不同酸度(pH为5.6、4.8、3.0)条件下,不同重金属呈现出不同的释放规律。随着淋滤量的增加,淋出液pH逐渐上升;Cd和Mn的释放可分为快速释放和慢速释放2个阶段,Pb的释放速度一直相对稳定。随着淋滤液pH的降低,淋出液pH降低,重金属的释放量及释放速度增加;淋滤液pH对3种重金属释放的影响程度为Pb>Mn>Cd。Cd和Mn的释放可用准二级动力学方程及Elovich方程很好拟合,准二级动力学方程更优;Pb的释放可用双常数方程和零级动力学方程很好拟合。