公布空气质量报告 市民更加关注环境

南京市环境监测中心站在全国率先开展空气质量周报，之后又开展了空气质量日报，向市民公布空气质量状况，使环境监测成果走向社会，服务于百姓，增强了全社会的环境保护意识，提高了市民关心环境，保护环境的自觉性，并推动了空气污染防治工作，促进了环境监测工作，体现了     

珠三角地区区域空气质量实况发布体系建设

在分析国内外空气质量发布情况的基础上，确定了区域空气质量实况发布的内容与形式，并以此为指导优化了区域空气质量监测网络，创立了网络化质量保证与质量控制体系，建立了发布数据的自动化审核方法与工作流程，开发了区域空气质量空间分析优化算法与集成展示技术，设计、研制了区域空气质量实况发布平台，并创新了实况发布体系运行管理机制，顺利实现了珠三角区域空气质量实况发布。同时对我国空气质量信息发布进行了展望。     

新疆环境监测总站顺利通过国家上岗证考核

2014年7月6～8日，受中国环境监测总站委派，由上海市环境监测中心、安徽省环境监测中心站、湖南省环境监测中心站一行4人组成的国家上岗证考核专家组，对新疆环境监测总站进行了上岗证考核。新疆环境监测总站高度重视上岗证考核工作，全站上下全力以赴，科学安排，认真准备，多次召开内审会议，查摆问题，督促相关科室和人员进行整改，开展了多个专项技术培训，并进行了摸底考试。另所有参考人员开展了百分之百的自认定考核，为全面迎接上岗证考核做好了充分的准备。经过3天紧张忙碌的考核，新疆环境监测总站31名持证上岗人员、10大类，531项次顺利通过了考核，考核成绩得到了专家组的充分肯定。通过此次上岗证考核进一步提升了本站的队伍素质和人员能力，单位质量管理体系得到更进一步完善，为今后的转型发展奠定了坚实的基础。     

硫化物标准溶液稳定性的探讨

对硫化物标准溶液保存时间进行了探讨，试验结果表明，在低温冷藏和密封贮存的条件下，配置好的硫化物标准溶液性质比较稳定，可以保存12个月，大大降低了试剂消耗，提高了工作效率．并结合多年的分析体会，提出了分析过程中应注意的几个事项，在实际工作中有一定的推广应用价值．     

氯化聚乙烯生产废水循环利用实例

文章从介绍氯化聚乙烯生产工艺入手，分析了项目实施前后水平衡，对项目实施前后新鲜水，中水使用及废水排放量进行了比较，对项目实施的技术、经济可行性进行了论证，阐述了项目实施一年来取得的经济、环境和社会效益，揭示了本项目实施对同行业和周围企业的示范引导作用。     

电热原子吸收悬浊液进样法测定环境样品中的锰

本文利用生物胶作为稳定剂，把难溶环境固体样品制备成悬浊液，直接进样测定煤飞灰中的锰，并且利用塞曼背景扣除法，得到了准确的结果。文章找出了日立１８０８０石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪的测定适用条件，原子化温度，生物胶最佳用量范围，比较了不同信号采集方式、不同石墨炉类型造成的差异，并分析了酸度、搅拌、粒度对测定结果的影响。     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施，阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法，指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定，分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识，加大了治理污染的力度，转变了环境监测的职能，促进了环境监测事业的发展     

江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位管理现状与对策建议

与水、大气污染相比，土壤污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性、累积性等特点，污染土壤治理恢复成本高、周期长、难度大，需要强化源头防控，防患于未然。简述了我国土壤污染重点监管单位的管理要求，从环境准入期、施工期、运营期和退役期4个环节梳理了重点监管单位的管理要点，分析了江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位的管理现状和存在问题，并从强化宣传培训，实施分类分级管理，探索开展边生产边管控技术模式，提升基层监管能力等方面提出了对策建议，以期为江苏省土壤环境管理工作提供决策参考。     

硝酸银沉淀－颗粒物返还法去除COD样品中的氯化物

将样品中的颗粒物分离出来后，向样品中加入适量硝酸银，除去生成的氯化银沉淀，再将预先分离的颗粒物合并到水样中，混匀后测定。经过这样处理，既去除了水样中的Ｃｌ－，又保留了水样中原来的组份，保证了ＣＯＤ测定结果的准确性。     

高等级公路交通噪声分析与防治

噪声不仅干扰人们的正常生活，严重时可以危害人的身心健康．随着交通事业的快速发展，一大批高速公路迅速建成，交通噪声污染不容忽视．对西宝高速公路沿线交通噪声进行了实地昼夜监测，结果表明交通噪声夜间超标较为严重，干扰了沿线居民的正常生活．分析了污染现状和原因，并提出了降低道路交通噪声的一些简单措施．     

环境地球物理在污染场地调查中的现状及展望

简述了国内外对不同污染场地调查环境地球物理方法的研究现状及成果,指出了目前存在的问题.针对污染场地调查污染深度浅、污染浓度低的特点,提出了建立重金属污染在浅层迁移的数学物理模型和提高设备检测精度的必要性.对环境地球物理方法在环境领域的应用进行了展望.     

A data-mining approach to predict influent quality

In wastewater treatment plants, predicting influent water quality is important for energy management. The influent water quality is measured by metrics such as carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), potential of hydrogen, and total suspended solid. In this paper, a data-driven approach for time-ahead prediction of CBOD is presented. Due to limitations in the industrial data acquisition system, CBOD is not recorded at regular time intervals, which causes gaps in the time–series data. Numerous experiments have been performed to approximate the functional relationship between the input and output parameters and thereby fill in the missing CBOD data. Models incorporating seasonality effects are investigated. Four data-mining algorithms—multilayered perceptron, classification and regression tree, multivariate adaptive regression spline, and random forest—are employed to construct prediction models with the maximum prediction horizon of 5 days.     

Uncertainty in Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change: Alternative Analytical Approaches

Uncertainty plays a key role in the economics of climate change, and research on this topic has led to a substantial body of literature. However, the discussion on the policy implications of uncertainty is still far from being settled, partly because the uncertainty of climate change comes from a variety of sources and takes diverse forms. To reflect the multifaceted nature of climate change uncertainty better, an increasing number of analytical approaches have been used in the studies of integrated assessment models of climate change. The employed approaches could be seen as complements rather than as substitutes, each of which possesses distinctive strength for addressing a particular type of problems. We review these approaches—specifically, the non-recursive stochastic programming, the real option analysis, and the stochastic dynamic programming—their corresponding literatures and their respective policy implications. We also identify the current research gaps associated with the need for further developments of new analytical approaches.     

环境磁学在重金属污染研究中的应用

20世纪60年代以来,环境磁学以快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大等特点被广泛应用到环境污染研究中。笔者介绍了环境磁学应用于重金属污染监测的基本原理和优势,系统综述了其在大气,水体(湖泊、河流和海岸等)和土壤等环境重金属污染监测中的主要成果和最新进展,包括磁学参数可作为重金属污染物质代用指标,以及环境磁学在重金属污染分布特点和污染程度鉴定、重金属污染历史重建、重金属污染物运移追踪等方面的应用。提出了重金属污染磁性诊断研究还需要解决的问题,包括磁学参数多解性,其他环境过程(动力分选、吸附解吸和早期成岩等)的干扰和影响,磁性矿物与重金属物质赋存关系及多学科交叉研究等。     

Determination of chlorophyll-a amount in Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey using IKONOS and in situ data

The objective of this research was to explore an accurate and fast way of estimating chlorophyll-a amount, a water quality parameter (WQP), using IKONOS satellite sensor image and in situ measurements. Since the in situ data of WQPs are limited with the number of sampling locations, deriving a correlation between these measurements and remotely sensed image allows synoptic estimates of the related parameter over large areas even if the areas are in remote and inaccessible locations. In this study, simultaneously collected satellite image data and in situ measurements of chlorophyll-a were correlated using multivariate regression model. Different experiments were designed by changing the numbers and distributions of in situ measurements. Regression coefficients of each design and differences between model-derived data and in situ measurements were calculated to find out the optimum design to produce chlorophyll-a map of study region. Results illustrated that both the number and distribution of in situ measurements have impact on regression analysis, therefore should be selected attentively. Also, it is found that IKONOS imagery is an efficient and effective source to derive chlorophyll-a map of the large areas using limited number of ground measurements.     

A perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in anaerobic-digested biological wastes

The major goal of this study is to gain a perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in mesophilic anaerobic-digested (MAD) sewage sludge and manure by comparing their quantitative PCR (qPCR) concentrations and removals with traditional fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroidetes). In addition, relationships between qPCR and culture measurements of fecal indicators (FIs) were determined. There was no significant difference between the qPCR concentrations of human adenovirus and E. coli/enterococci in MAD sewage sludge; however, the qPCR concentrations of bovine adenovirus were significantly lower than FIs and bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) in MAD manure. The qPCR concentrations of human polyomavirus were slightly lower than E. coli and enterococci (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the qPCR concentrations of BPyV and FIs. The digestion treatment achieved higher genome removal of bovine DNA enteric viruses than FIs (p ≤ 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between qPCR and culture measurements of FIs, but the concentrations and removals of FIs determined by qPCR assays were still significantly different than those determined by culture assays. Overall, we determined that the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in MAD biological wastes was high due to their comparable in qPCR concentrations to FIs, indicating that mesophilic anaerobic digestion treatment alone may not be effective enough to remove DNA viral pathogens in biological wastes.     

Linking stream and landscape trajectories in the southern Appalachians

A proactive sampling strategy was designed and implemented in 2000 to document changes in streams whose catchment land uses were predicted to change over the next two decades due to increased building density. Diatoms, macroinvertebrates, fishes, suspended sediment, dissolved solids, and bed composition were measured at two reference sites and six sites where a socioeconomic model suggested new building construction would influence stream ecosystems in the future; we label these "hazard sites." The six hazard sites were located in catchments with forested and agricultural land use histories. Diatoms were species-poor at reference sites, where riparian forest cover was significantly higher than all other sites. Cluster analysis, Wishart's distance function, non-metric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and t-tests show that macroinvertebrate assemblages, fish assemblages, in situ physical measures, and catchment land use and land cover were different between streams whose catchments were mostly forested, relative to those with agricultural land use histories and varying levels of current and predicted development. Comparing initial results with other regional studies, we predict homogenization of fauna with increased nutrient inputs and sediment associated with agricultural sites where more intense building activities are occurring. Based on statistical separability of sampled sites, catchment classes were identified and mapped throughout an 8,600 km(2) region in western North Carolina's Blue Ridge physiographic province. The classification is a generalized representation of two ongoing trajectories of land use change that we suggest will support streams with diverging biota and physical conditions over the next two decades.     

Atmospheric ambient trace element concentrations of PM10 at urban and sub-urban sites: source apportionment and health risk estimation

In this study, PM₁₀ concentrations and elemental (Al, Fe, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Pb, and Bi) contents of particles were determined in Düzce, Turkey. The particulate matter samplings were carried out in the winter and summer seasons simultaneously in both urban and sub-urban sampling sites. The average PM₁₀ concentration measured in the winter season was 86.4 and 27.3 μg/m³, respectively, in the urban and sub-urban sampling sites, while it was measured as 53.2 and 34.7 μg/m³ in the summer season. According to the results, it was observed that the PM₁₀ levels and the element concentrations reached higher levels, especially at the urban sampling site, in the winter season. The positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was applied to the data set for source apportionment. Analysis with the PMF model revealed six factors for both the urban (coal combustion, traffic, oil combustion, industry, biomass combustion, and soil) and sub-urban (industry, oil combustion, traffic, road dust, soil resuspension, domestic heating) sampling sites. Loadings of grouped elements on these factors showed that the major sources of the elements in the atmosphere of Düzce were traffic, fossil fuel combustion, and metal industry-related emissions.     

Sampling state and process variables on coral reefs

Contemporary coral reefs are forced to survive through and recover from disturbances at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Understanding disturbances in the context of ecological processes may lead to accurate predictive models of population trajectories. Most coral-reef studies and monitoring programs examine state variables, which include the percentage coverage of major benthic organisms, but few studies examine the key ecological processes that drive the state variables. Here we outline a sampling strategy that captures both state and process variables, at a spatial scale of tens of kilometers. Specifically, we are interested in (1) examining spatial and temporal patterns in coral population size-frequency distributions, (2) determining major population processes, including rates of recruitment and mortality, and (3) examining relationships between processes and state variables. Our effective sampling units are randomly selected 75 × 25 m stations, spaced approximately 250?C500 m apart, representing a 10³ m spatial scale. Stations are nested within sites, spaced approximately 2 km apart, representing a 10⁴ m spatial scale. Three randomly selected 16 m² quadrats placed in each station and marked for relocation are used to assess processes across time, while random belt-transects, re-randomized at each sampling event, are used to sample state variables. Both quadrats and belt-transects are effectively sub-samples from which we will derive estimates of means for each station at each sampling event. This nested sampling strategy allows us to determine critical stages in populations, examine population performance, and compare processes through disturbance events and across regions.     

Fractionation of eleven elements by chemical bonding from airborne particulate matter collected in an industrial city in Argentina

A four-step chemical sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate the distribution of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn in airborne particulate matter collected on glass fibre filters using a high-volume sampler. Two sets of samples were collected in 2001 (winter and summer campaigns) in representative zones of an industrial city of Argentina. The leaching scheme was applied to PM-10 particles and consisted in extracting the elements in four fractions, namely soluble and exchangeable elements; carbonates, oxides and reducible elements; bound to organic matter and sulfidic metals; and residual elements. Metals and metalloids at microg g(-1) level were determined in each fraction by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Analyte concentration varied from 14 microg g(-1) (equivalent to 1.0 ng m(-3)) for As to 11.8 mg g(-1) (equivalent to 2,089 ng m(-3)) for Al. Seven elements, namely Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ti and Zn showed similar distributions in both seasons while As was distributed in a significantly different manner in each season. The results exhibited low As contents in the first and second fractions that could be associated with routine coal combustion and a high content in the third and fourth fractions of the summer samples that could be linked to the use of pesticides. Aluminium, As, Cu, Mn, Ni, Ti, V and Zn were found in different percentages in the more bioavailable aqueous fraction with As, Mn, V and Zn exhibiting solubilities greater than 1% while Cr and Pb being insoluble. The content of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the residual fraction was, in average, higher than 50%. A comparative assessment of the use of the underlying information available from fractionation studies compared to that obtained from total element content was done for Fe and Mn. It showed that the results obtained using chemical sequential extraction procedures allowed further discrimination of the potential air pollution sources.