石羊河流域降水稳定同位素变化的区域差异

为了了解干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素变化过程及其影响因素,基于石羊河流域荒漠区、绿洲区和山区8个站点2013年7月至2014年7月,497个降水样品氢氧稳定同位素数据及相应气象数据,研究了石羊河流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化、环境效应以及降水水汽来源.结果显示：石羊河流域局地大气水线斜率和截距表现出夏低冬高的变化趋势;降水稳定同位素表现出夏高冬低的变化趋势,从荒漠区、绿洲区到山区,稳定同位素值随海拔升高而降低,海拔效应为-0.22‰/100m,这是温度效应的另一种体现;流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,温度效应为0.43‰/℃,在天气尺度下受季风水汽和降水淋洗过程的影响表现出降水量效应;流域降水来源主要受西风水汽控制,夏季也会会受到季风水汽影响,冬季也受到极地气团影响.     

石羊河流域降水稳定同位素变化的区域差异

为了了解干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素变化过程及其影响因素,基于石羊河流域荒漠区、绿洲区和山区8个站点2013年7月至2014年7月,497个降水样品氢氧稳定同位素数据及相应气象数据,研究了石羊河流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化、环境效应以及降水水汽来源.结果显示：石羊河流域局地大气水线斜率和截距表现出夏低冬高的变化趋势;降水稳定同位素表现出夏高冬低的变化趋势,从荒漠区、绿洲区到山区,稳定同位素值随海拔升高而降低,海拔效应为-0.22‰/100m,这是温度效应的另一种体现;流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,温度效应为0.43‰/℃,在天气尺度下受季风水汽和降水淋洗过程的影响表现出降水量效应;流域降水来源主要受西风水汽控制,夏季也会会受到季风水汽影响,冬季也受到极地气团影响.     

Adaptation to changing water resources in the Ganges basin, northern India

An ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) runs from the EU HighNoon project are used to project future air temperatures and precipitation on a 25 km grid for the Ganges basin in northern India, with a view to assessing impact of climate change on water resources and determining what multi-sector adaptation measures and policies might be adopted at different spatial scales.The RCM results suggest an increase in mean annual temperature, averaged over the Ganges basin, in the range 1–4 °C over the period from 2000 to 2050, using the SRES A1B forcing scenario. Projections of precipitation indicate that natural variability dominates the climate change signal and there is considerable uncertainty concerning change in regional annual mean precipitation by 2050. The RCMs do suggest an increase in annual mean precipitation in this region to 2050, but lack significant trend. Glaciers in headwater tributary basins of the Ganges appear to be continuing to decline but it is not clear whether meltwater runoff continues to increase. The predicted changes in precipitation and temperature will probably not lead to significant increase in water availability to 2050, but the timing of runoff from snowmelt will likely occur earlier in spring and summer. Water availability is subject to decadal variability, with much uncertainty in the contribution from climate change.Although global social-economic scenarios show trends to urbanization, locally these trends are less evident and in some districts rural population is increasing. Falling groundwater levels in the Ganges plain may prevent expansion of irrigated areas for food supply. Changes in socio-economic development in combination with projected changes in timing of runoff outside the monsoon period will make difficult choices for water managers.Because of the uncertainty in future water availability trends, decreasing vulnerability by augmenting resilience is the preferred way to adapt to climate change. Adaptive policies are required to increase society's capacity to adapt to both anticipated and unanticipated conditions. Integrated solutions are needed, consistent at various spatial scales, to assure robust and sustainable future use of resources. For water resources this is at the river basin scale. At present adaptation measures in India are planned at national and state level, not taking into account the physical boundaries of water systems. To increase resilience adaptation plans should be made locally specific. However, as it is expected that the partitioning of water over the different sectors and regions will be the biggest constraint, a consistent water use plan at catchment and river basin scale may be the best solution. A policy enabling such river basin planning is essential.     

Problems of Syrdarya river basin management

Prior to independence, Central Asian countries were closely interconnected through the regional management incorporating water, energy, and food sectors. This approach, supported by the central government of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), functioned effectively — meeting the needs of both upstream and downstream countries. However, after independence, Central Asian countries started prioritizing their own economic development policies without due account to regional concerns such as joint use of water resources, leading to instability. In this study, the case of Syrdarya basin was investigated to show how such strategies create tension in the region, since primary focus is given to national interests, without consideration for regional problems. To address this issue, an integrated approach to incorporating water, energy, and agriculture is needed. It is suggested that a single sector approach on water alone does not lead to stability, and a multi-sectoral approach is necessary to ensure sustainable development. Countries sharing benefits from the river have to be responsible for costs of operation and maintenance of the water facilities.     

流域水环境累积风险评估研究

流域水环境累积风险属于多层次、多准则的复合系统问题,具有一定的模糊和突变特性,在可持续发展的要求下,对流域进行水环境风险综合评估与防控十分必要.建立基于16项底层指标的流域水环境累积风险评估综合指标体系,将突变理论应用于表达和计算累积环境风险,可以形成系统完整的流域水环境累积风险评估研究方法.以流溪河流域为例,通过分区计算分析流域水环境累积风险形势,得出流溪河流域上游水环境累积风险水平较低,流域中游和下游均有较高的水环境累积风险.     

Water,Climate, and Development Issues in the Amu Darya Basin

Before 1960, the Aral Sea was the fourth-largest body of water on Earth. Today, it is on the edge of extinction. The Sea is fed by Central Asias two major rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, with a flow, respectively, of about 70 and 35 cubic kilometers per year on average. Today, the Aral story is quite well known to environmental groups within and outside the region. The Amu Daryas watercourse serves as an international border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan and between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. The Amu Darya crisscrosses Turkmenistan and, for the most part, traverses the length of Uzbekistan and its subregion known as Karakalpakstan. Although an upstream riparian country, Afghanistan has been at war for a couple of decades and in-country conflict remains. As a result, it has had little opportunity to lay claim to its legitimate share of Amu Darya water. With an end to the Russo-Afghan war, an end to the Taliban regime, and with international involvement to bring a semblance of peace and stability to the country in the conflict-laden post-Taliban period, the new Afghan government will surely lay claim to a significant share of Amu Darya water as it reconstructs the nations agricultural sector. This paper discusses issues related to the problems and prospects for sustainable development in the Amu Darya basin.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.     

论流域经济可持续发展

流域经济的发展是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发和利用.实现流域经济可持续发展的实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用.水资源可持续开发和利用必须遵循公平和效率原则,实现外部性内部化;实施流域开发多目标协调、流域的系统化管理和跨流域水资源开发.     

小凌河（锦州段）工业废水COD污染状况调查与分析

通过对小凌河（锦州段）流域工业污染源调查,寻找小凌河水质COD污染的根源,提出了控制污染的措施,对改善小凌河水环境质量,确保人民生活、生产用水安全具有十分重要的意义。     

Blue water scarcity in the Black Sea catchment: Identifying key actors in the water-ecosystem-energy-food nexus

Large-scale water scarcity indicators have been widely used to map and inform decision makers and the public about the use of river flows, a vital and limited renewable resource. However, spatiotemporal interrelations among users and administrative entities are still lacking in most large-scale studies. Water scarcity and interrelations are at the core of the water-ecosystem-energy-food nexus. In this paper, we balance water availability in the Black Sea catchment with requirements and consumptive use of key water users, i.e., municipalities, power plants, manufacturing, irrigation and livestock breeding, accounting for evaporation from major reservoirs as well as environmental flow requirements. We use graph theory to highlight interrelations between users and countries along the hydrological network. The results show that water scarcity occurs mainly in the summer due to higher demand for irrigation and reservoir evaporation in conjunction with relatively lower water resources, and in the fall-winter period due to lower water resources and the relatively high demand for preserving ecosystems and from sectors other than irrigation. Cooling power plants and the demands of urban areas cause scarcity in many isolated locations in the winter and, to a far greater spatial extent, in the summer with the demands for irrigation. Interrelations in water scarcity-prone areas are mainly between relatively small, intra-national rivers, for which the underlying national and regional governments act as key players in mitigating water scarcity within the catchment. However, many interrelations exist for larger rivers, highlighting the need for international cooperation that could be achieved through a water-ecosystem-energy-food nexus.     

Forecasting the effects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area differentiated (100 m × 100 m) approach.REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil.For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO 3 -N/L,effective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015.The effects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015.The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the effects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate.From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures.Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

Forecasting the e ects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

潍河流域水质管理模型

水质管理模型包括河流模型、农业非点源污染模型和水库富营养化模型。河流模型选择ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ模型并加以改进,增加了模拟ＣＯＤ转化,底泥泛起和水体养鱼的非点输入功能,并将非点源模型和水库模型作了技术处理使之同河流模型有机结合在一起。     

流域水污染防治“十二五”规划分区方法与实践

流域规划分区管理是国内外流域治理的普遍经验,为逐步改变中国流域管理与区域管理“两张皮”的局面并促进两者的真正结合,阐述了进行流域规划分区的必要性和意义。《重点流域水污染防治规划（2011-2015年）》强化了分区、分级和分类防治的策略,构建了流域一控制区一控制单元的三级规划分区管理体系,提出了分区原则和方法,明确了流域、控制区和控制单元的范围及边界的划分方法,将8个重点流域划分为37个控制区、315个控制单元,确定了“十二五”水污染防治格局。同时筛选出118个重点控制单元,分为水质维护型、水质改善型和风险防范型3种类型,分类制定差异性的水污染防治综合治理方案,为未来流域的精细化水环境管理奠定了基础。     

国际水法对长江流域立法的启示和意义

随着长江经济带建设的推进,长江流域治理亟待法治化。由于调整对象、事项和目标方面的相似性,国际水法的理论、原则、规则和实践对于长江流域立法具有重要且有益的参考价值。长江流域立法面临着利益主体多元、生态环境和资源保护任务艰巨以及治理体制机制很不合理三个方面的巨大挑战。国际水法关于生态整体性路径、公平合理利用原则以及流域治理体制机制三个基本方面的理论、法律和指南以及实践,对于长江流域立法有效应对这些挑战具有重要启示。其意义体现在：直接促进长江流域治理的法治化,间接推进中国流域立法与国际水法之间的兼容性;直接示范国内其他流域,间接助推实现我国成为全球生态文明建设重要参与者、贡献者和引领者的战略。     

Collaborative use of geodesign tools to support decision-making on adaptation to climate change

Spatial planners around the world need to make climate change adaptation plans. Climate adaptation planning requires combining spatial information with stakeholder values. This study demonstrates the potential of geodesign tools as a mean to integrate spatial analysis with stakeholder participation in adaptation planning. The tools are interactive and provide dynamic feedback on stakeholder objectives in response to the application of spatial measures. Different rationalities formed by underlying internalized values influence the reasoning of decision-making. Four tools were developed, each tailored to different rationalities varying between a collective or individual viewpoint and analytical or political arguments. The tools were evaluated in an experiment with four groups of participants that were set around an interactive mapping device: the touch table. To study how local decision-making on adaptation can be supported, this study focuses on a specific case study in the Netherlands. In this case study, multiple different stakeholders need to make spatial decisions on land use and water management planning in response to climate change. The collaborative use of four geodesign tools was evaluated in an interactive experiment. The results show that the geodesign tools were able to integrate the engagement of stakeholders and assessment of measures. The experiment showed that decision-making on adaptation to climate change can benefit from the use of geodesign tools as long as the tool is carefully matched to the rationality that applies to the adaptation issue. Although the tools were tested to support the design of adaptation plans in a Dutch setting, the tools could be used for regional adaptation planning in other countries such as the development of regional adaptation strategies (RAS) as required by the European Union or on a national scale to support developing national adaptation plans of action (NAPAs) as initiated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for least developed countries.     

库区蓄水后大宁河神女溪富营养化调查与评价

2003年9月至2004年8月分别对大宁河与神女溪回水段水体进行了富营养化调查和监测,监测项目SD、TN、TP、CODMn和chla。并运用综合营养状态指数法对监测结果进行了评价与分析,结果表明三峡蓄水为富营养化的发生提供了更有利的条件,在可预测的未来,富营养化有加重的可能。     

中国流域水资源管理立法研究

由于人们对流域水资源的肆意掠夺和无情盘剥,流域生态系统日趋退化,资源衰竭、环境污染,己经成为制约人类社会经济可持续发展的瓶颈。事实证明,国外经过多年的实践探索已经成功找到适合流域水资源管理的机制,然而,由于中国流域水资源管理立法的滞后性,中国流域水资源管理现状不容乐观。因此,我们应该在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,完善中国流域水资源管理的立法,力求建立健全流域水资源管理的法律体系,以求更好地实现流域水资源管理。     

GIS和情景分析辅助的流域水污染控制规划

总结了流域水污染控制规划中的正向算法和反向算法及其优缺点.以江西赣江流域为例, 以ARCGIS8.1为平台,建立了流域水环境功能区划、污染源、监测断面和排污口等空间数据库. 基于正向算法,利用情景分析法构造了流域水污染控制的4种情景,并在4种情景下生成了对污染源实行逐级控制的10组规划方案. 利用费用函数对各方案的污水处理投资进行估算;结合污染源预测,利用水质模型对各方案进行水质模拟,并将模拟的结果通过GIS的可视化表达来进行辅助决策. 以水质达标和投资费用作为规划方案的决策依据,通过赣江流域水污染治理的经济可承受能力的分析,优选出2套经济上能承受、水质上可接受的流域水污染控制方案.结果表明,GIS和情景分析法对于流域水污染控制规划在综合性、完整性和可持续性等方面具有良好的指导意义.     

马莲河流域河水化学特征和化学风化过程分析

采用Gibbs图解和端元分析方法研究了马莲河水化学特征、离子来源和化学风化作用,利用质量平衡正演模型评价了各风化作用对水化学组分的贡献率。结果表明,马莲河水为高TDS咸水,阳离子以Na~+、Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)为主;沿河水流向TDS降低,水化学类型由Cl-Na型演变为HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Mg型;河水化学组分的主要形成作用为化学风化,蒸发盐主导了流域风化过程,对离子组分平均贡献率高达76.5%,硅酸盐和碳酸盐风化较弱;化学风化具空间变异,从上游到下游,硫酸盐和碳酸盐贡献率增加,岩盐贡献率降低。岩性是控制流域化学风化作用的首要因素,降雨量和径流量可能也有一定影响。     

天津市水生态现状及保护管理

天津的水生态问题由来已久。河流开发利用程度高、人工化程度明显、水体污染严重、天然湿地逐年减少是水生态基本特征,诸多不适宜的人类活动造成生物种类减少、地面沉降、河流干涸等问题,而水利工程的影响、水资源的过度利用、环境管理中的漏洞是导致水生态问题的主要原因。文章认为,调整水库管理方式、停止部分水坝的使用、建立切实可行的湿地保护管理模式、建立稳定的湿地保护资金投入机制以及建立湿地监测评估体系是保护管理水生态的根本途径。