花状BiOBr催化剂制备及对废水底物降解的光催化特性

以Bi(NO_3)3·5H_2O为铋源,KBr为溴源,采用水热法调节不同前驱液pH值制备花状BiOBr光催化剂,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-vis)对产品进行结构表征。同时,在花状BiOBr光催化降解甘蔗糖蜜酒精废水反应中考察了催化剂用量、溶液pH值、通氧量、电子捕获剂用量及光照强度对糖蜜酒精废水脱色率的影响,并进行正交试验优化。结果表明,水热产品均属于四方晶系的BiOBr,其带隙能为2.57~2.65eV。花状BiOBr能有效降解甘蔗糖蜜酒精废水中的有机物质,废水脱色率显著提高。在400W金属卤化物灯照射下反应180min、添加3.0g·L-1BiOBr光催化剂、通氧量为120L·h-1(M档)、废水pH值为0.11、电子捕获剂KBrO3添加量为3.0g·L-1、离液面9cm高度条件下,花状BiOBr光催化降解经30倍稀释的甘蔗糖蜜酒精废水的脱色率为98.5%,CODCr去除率为51.8%。四方晶系花状BiOBr晶体的可见光催化糖蜜酒精废水过程符合一级动力学反应。     

铜对厌氧生物过程抑制作用的研究

本文研究了重金属铜离子对厌氧生物过程的抑制作用及规律.研究表明:对厌氧生物过程起毒性作用的主要是厌氧消化液中溶解状态的铜离子.当铜离子浓度为<0.5mg/l,0.5—1mg/l,1—3mg/l和>3mg/l时,对厌氧生物过程的影响分别是无抑制作用、轻微抑制作用、明显抑制作用和严重抑制作用.当铜离子浓度达到5—6mg/l时,厌氧体系的产气下降会超过50％.当向厌氧体系连续性地引入铜离子且每日加人铜离子的浓度小于20mg/l时,对厌氧生物过程无抑制作用;若加入铜离子的浓度为20—45,45—65及大于65mg/l时,对厌氧生物过程的影响分别是轻微抑制、明显抑制和严重抑制作用.厌氧体系受到不同程度抑制作用的铜离子与污泥重的关系分别为铜离子相当于污泥于重的0.1％以下时,无抑制作用;0.1—0.2％时轻微抑制,0.2—0.3％时明显抑制,大于0.5％时严重抑制.     

对苯二甲酸厌氧生物降解性研究

采用半连续实验方法在中温条件下研究对苯二甲酸(Terephthalic Acid,简称TPA)的厌氧生物降解性。在一定的COD负荷下,研究不同TPA负荷对厌氧消化的影响,结果表明,TPA可厌氧降解的浓度比较低,在500mg/l以下;高浓度的TPA不能被厌氧降解而在反应器中累积起来,并对厌氧系统产生一定抑制作用,这种抑制作用和程度与TPA污泥负荷及体系中TPA累积浓度有关。     

COD对颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化反应性能的影响

研究了COD对颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化反应的影响,并对颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了分析.厌氧颗粒污泥取自实验室长期运行的EGSB生物脱氮反应器,实验用水为人工配水,以葡萄糖为有机碳源;主要考察了COD对NH4 -N、NO2--N、NO3--N和TN去除的影响.结果表明:当进水不含COD时,反应器对NH4 -N、NO2--N和NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为12.5%、29.1%、16.1%和16.3%;当COD浓度分别为200mg/L、350mg/L和550mg/L时,反应器对NH4 -N的去除率分别为14.2%、14.2%和23.7%,对NO2--N的去除率均接近100%,对NO3--N的去除率分别为94.5%、86.6%和84.2%,对TN的去除率分别为50.7%、46.9%和50.4%,COD去除率分别为85%、66%和60%.分析发现,在反应初期,氨氮的去除主要通过厌氧氨氧化过程实现,随着反应的进行,反硝化菌活性逐渐提高,传统的反硝化过程占优势.同时还观察到,在反应初期COD对氨氮去除的抑制作用非常明显.图2参21     

固定化细胞处理难降解有机废水

本文首先对琼脂、明胶、海藻酸钙、聚乙烯酰和丙烯醇铵5种固定化细胞载体的性能进行了比较,然后用固定化细胞分别对含难降解有机成份的洗衣粉废水和四环素废水进行了处理试验.结果表明,聚乙烯醇凝胶是其中较为合适的固定化细胞载体;洗衣粉废水中的LAS浓度为40mg/L～70mg/L时,3h内LAS可降解90%以上;在固定化细胞作为产甲烷相的二相厌氧工艺中,产酸相和产甲烷相停留时间分别为3h和24h时,四环素废水的COD去除率可达73%左右.     

糖蜜酒精废水两相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征

文章考察了糖蜜酒精废水二相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征 ,试验结果表明酸化段的容积负荷达到3 0kgCOD/m3 时 ,系统仍能正常运行 ,TOC去除率在 3 5%以上 ,酸化段的SO4 2 -去除率在 70 %。糖蜜酒精废水酸化率在 50 % ,二相厌氧生物处理系统并未将产酸微生物与产甲烷微生物截然分开 ,在产酸相中仍含有一定数量的产甲烷菌。     

改进折流式生物反应器净化洗浴废水

利用改进折流式生物反应器，研究了好氧渐变厌氧交替工艺对洗浴废水中氮、磷和有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明：洗浴废水中COD和BOD值分别从98.0-190.6mg/L和68.3-81.7mg/L下降到6-10mg/L和1-2mg/L，含氮化合物和含磷化合物的浓度则分别从13．5—25．2mg/L和9．9—13．5mg／L下降到1mg/L和0．5mg／L。在运行过程中，不需要添加甲醇，利用洗浴废水自身的有机物就能达到很好的脱氮、除磷和降解COD与BOD的效果，而且该工艺的动力消耗仅为传统活性污泥法的三分之一。     

气动厌氧流化床处理高浓度有机废水的研究

本文针对目前厌氧流化床研究中存在的一些问题,首次采用气动厌氧流化床处理高浓度有机废水,并就有机物去除的数学模式以及影响因素作了探讨。当载体选用经过强化处理的固定化微生物颗粒时,试验结果表明,对进水COD浓度为10,000mg/L左右的人工污水,当容积负荷为20kgCOD/m~3·d时,COD去除率可达85％,进而确定在温度、水力停留时间、进水COD浓度、容积负荷四个因素中,温度对COD去除率影响最大,容积负荷影响最小。     

微生物易利用基质对PCP厌氧降解的影响

本文主要研究了微生物易利用基质对厌氧反应器内ＰＣＰ厌氧降解性及处理效率的影响，结果表明，ＰＣＰ对厌氧污泥代谢葡萄糖有抑制作用，则适量的微重复铁利用基质有利于促进ＰＣＰ的脱氯和降解代谢，且随着反应器进水中水中ＰＣＰ的提高，达到相近降解效率所需的微生物易利用基质的需要量也相应增加；废水中ＰＣＰ剩余量和废水中糖的初始浓度呈显著负相关。     

硝基苯厌氧降解过程中Fe0的促进作用

尝试在硝基苯生物厌氧降解过程中,添加零价铁实现电子催化与生物代谢的协同作用,结果发现零价铁能够促进硝基苯的厌氧转化并主要生成苯胺,初始浓度为240.00mg·l-1的硝基苯废水,当厌氧微生物浓度为5000.00mg·l-1左右时,在2L的试验液中,当零价铁投加量由0.50g增加到5.00g时,硝基苯的转化率和苯胺的产生量急剧增加;零价铁的投加量为5.00g时与不加零价铁相比,硝基苯的转化率提高了2.43倍,苯胺的生成量提高了2.12倍;通过设计Fe0,Fe2 ,Fe3 及Fe3O4的对比实验,证明零价铁的作用主要表现为其腐蚀形成Fe2 的过程为硝基苯的厌氧生物转化提供了电子以及该过程中生成的Fe2 和Fe3 的生物营养作用.     

Treatment of spent wash in anaerobic mesophilic suspended growth reactor (AMSGR)

Approximately 400 KL of spent wash or vinasse per annum is generated at an average COD concentration of 100,000 mg/l, by over 250 distilleries in India. There is an urgent need to develop, assess and use ecofriendly methods for the disposal of this high strength wastewater. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate a few aspects of anaerobic digestion of spent wash collected from a distillery. The study was carried out in a 4 L laboratory scale anaerobic mesophilic suspended growth reactor. After the successful startup, the organic loading was increased stepwise to assess the performance of the reactor. During the study period, biogas generated was recorded and the maximum gas generated was found to be 16.9 L at an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 38 g COD/L. A 500% increase in the Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) concentration (2150 mg/L) was observed, when the OLR was increased from 38 to 39 g COD/L. During the souring phase the removal of COD, Total Solids (TS) and Volatile Solids (VS) were in the order of 52%, 40% and 46% respectively. The methane content in the biogas varied from 65% to 75%.     

Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater

The UASB system successfully treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. High concentration sulfate of this wastewater was the main refractory factor. UASB recovery performance after a few days of inflow arrest was studied. The optimal UASB operating conditions for practical application were determined. Treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater is a big challenge. In this study, a series of anaerobic evaluation tests on pharmaceutical wastewater from different operating units was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion, and the results indicated that the key refractory factor for anaerobic treatment of this wastewater was the high sulfate concentration. A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 195 days to investigate the effects of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic loading rate (OLR), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio on the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical wastewater and the process performance. The electron flow indicated that methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction although sulfidogenesis was enhanced with a stepwise decrease in the influent COD/SO₄^2? ratio. For the treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater, a COD of 4983 mg/L (diluted by 50%), OLR of 2.5 kg COD/(m³·d), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio of more than 5 were suitable for practical applications. The recovery performance indicated that the system could resume operation quickly even if production was halted for a few days.     

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen

The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.     

麦秸与奶牛场废水高固体混合厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

在实验室条件下,以麦秸和奶牛场废水为原料,设计麦秸与奶牛场废水质量比1∶4(T1)、1∶3(T2)和1∶2(T3)以及对照(麦秸与水质量比1∶4(T4))4个处理,研究发酵过程中日产气量、甲烷含量、发酵前后麦秸理化特性和结构的变化.结果表明,奶牛场废水与麦秸在中温、高固体条件下,厌氧发酵可以正常进行,且产气期延长2周以上,对甲烷含量的影响不大;厌氧发酵初始TS浓度对系统产气的影响较大,麦秸产气量随TS浓度的增加而降低,以T1的产气效果最好,麦秸TS产气量为0.41 L.g-1,较T4提高了17.14%,平均甲烷含量为48.78%;厌氧发酵后,麦秸半纤维素含量大幅降低,纤维素含量少许降低,降低幅度均为T1>T2>T4>T3,木质素含量稍有增加,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);FTIR和XRD的结果表明,厌氧发酵后,麦秸纤维素结晶区的相对含量增加,混合发酵可以促进厌氧微生物对麦秸纤维素结晶区的破坏.将麦秸与奶牛场废水(质量比)1∶4混合发酵产沼气是可行的,且促进了厌氧微生物对麦秸有机物的分解破坏,提高了麦秸产气量.     

Anaerobic decolorization of an azo dye by a mixed culture

Wool dyeing wastewater contains xenobiotic compounds that can be removed by biotechnological processes. Studies on various dyes showed that anaerobic processes are suitable to alter azo dyes as a first step of the biodegradation process. These compounds are reduced by anaerobic consortia to aromatic amines and its ultimate degradation can be achieved by a further aerobic treatment.

Studies on degradation rate of an wool acid dye were performed in batch systems inoculated with anaerobic biomass. A commercial diazo dye, Acid Red 73, was added to the synthetic medium in which glucose was used as sole carbon source.

Results indicated that the Acid Red 73 was partially degraded by a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria and a decolorization of 90% was obtained. Kinetics studies on removal of the colour showed that the decolorization rate was several times faster than the degradation rate of glucose for a range of dye concentrations between 60 mg/L and 400 mg/L. A first order kinetic model was used for dye concentrations up to 200 mg/L. For higher concentrations a model similar to the Michaelis‐Menten equation was better fitted to the experimental data.     

Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.     

节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解PVA特性的比较研究

对节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解聚乙烯醇(PVA)的特性进行了比较研究.结果表明,P-1菌在PVA浓度小于1000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率均达到80%以上;J-5菌在PVA浓度为2000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率达到70%.用生产废水进行试验,P-1菌对低浓度PVA废水的处理效率比J-5菌高10%左右;P-1菌受温度的影响小于J-5菌;P-1菌的废水处理效果比J-5菌稳定;分段使用J-5菌与P-1菌处理高浓度的PVA废水具有很好的处理效果,出水能达到国家排放标准.图7表1参9     

Performance of a hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor for the treatment of decentralized molasses wastewater

A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor （HAOBR） was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time （HRT）, microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio （GWR）. When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20：1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.