垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物,研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响.结果表明,所选用的5种陆生花卉,甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果,它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92.04%以上,对TP的去除率甚至可达到97.77%以上.而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统.     

复合型人工湿地脱氮效能及其水力负荷影响规律

复合型人工湿地越来越多地被应用在面源污染管理中。不同类型的人工湿地对氮素的去除机理和去除性能是不同的。氮素在湿地生态系统中的去除受多种因素的影响和制约,不同的研究中氮素的去除效率变化较大。通过对韩国西部一复合型人工湿地中氮素的去除能力研究,分析了氮素的去除效率以及水力负荷对去除性能的影响,进而分析了人工湿地去除氮素的主要机理。结果表明,氨氮（NH＋4-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO-3-N）、凯式氮（TKN）和总氮（TN）的平均去除效率分别为13%、29%、35.3和26%。其中有机氮的去除是该复合型人工湿地中氮素去除的主要原因。水力负荷和先行干期天数对氮素的去除能力有一定影响。较长的先行干期天数和较低水力负荷可以提高氮素的去除效率。     

人工湿地净化造纸废水尾水及优势植物筛选

通过象草、灯芯草、水葱、风车草4种植物人工湿地系统对造纸废水的处理,探讨了湿地系统对COD、NH+4-N和TP的去除能力,考察了湿地植物的净化作用与效果。结果表明,植物的引入能显著提高湿地系统对造纸废水的处理效果;植物人工湿地系统中COD、NH+4-N和TP去除率均随水力停留时间的延长而增加;4种植物人工湿地系统对COD去除效果均较好,其中水葱湿地系统最佳,COD去除率可达98%以上;水葱和灯芯草湿地系统对NH+4-N和TP的去除效果较好,其去除率分别可达85%和80%以上。综合比较4种植物的综合净化能力,水葱和风车草最好,灯芯草次之,象草最差,水葱和风车草是人工湿地处理造纸废水的适宜选择。     

人工湿地植物研究进展

人工湿地具有去除污染效果好、运行费用低和易维护等特点,已被广泛用于污水处理中.湿地植物在其中起着重要作用,主要包括直接吸收氮、磷等污染物,通过根系输氧促进根区的氧化还原反应与好氧微生物活动及增强和维持介质的水力传输等.综述了人工湿地植物的去污机理,阐述了湿地植物对生物可降解的有机物、营养性污染物和有毒有害物质净化的研究成果与应用,并展望今后进一步研究的重点.     

人工湿地系统微生物去除污染物的研究进展

人工湿地污水处理系统具有净化效果显著、建设和运行费用低廉、管理简便等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的重视。人工湿地是利用介质、植物和微生物构成的复合系统来处理污水。微生物在人工湿地系统净化污水过程中发挥着重要作用。介绍了人工湿地系统中微生物去除污染物的研究进展,重点讨论了人工湿地对污染物和特殊有机污染物的去除以及系统基质中微生物的种群和活性等内容,并结合我国研究现状展望了该领域的研究前景。人工湿地系统微生物对污染物去除将成为人工湿地生态系统服务功能评价、人工湿地生态系统健康与稳定的诊断的重要组成部分。     

Reducing phosphorus flux from organic soils in surface flow treatment wetlands

Treatment wetlands have a finite period of effective nutrient removal after which treatment efficiency declines. This is due to the accumulation of organic matter which decreases the capacity and hydraulic retention time of the wetland. We investigated four potential solutions to improve the soluble reactive P (SRP) removal of a municipal wastewater treatment wetland soil including; dry down, surface additions of alum or calcium carbonate and physical removal of the accreted organic soil under both aerobic and anaerobic water column conditions. The flux of SRP from the soil to the water column under aerobic conditions was higher for the continuously flooded controls (1.1 ± 0.4 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹), dry down (1.5 ± 0.9 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) and CaCO₃ (0.8 ± 0.7 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) treatments while the soil removal and alum treatments were significantly lower at 0.02 ± 0.10 and −0.07 ± 0.02 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. These results demonstrate that the two most effective management strategies at sequestering SRP were organic soil removal and alum additions. There are difficulties and costs associated with removal and disposal of soils from a treatment wetland. Therefore our findings suggest that alum addition may be the most cost effective and efficient means of increasing the sequestering of P in aging treatment wetlands experiencing reduced P removal rates. However, more research is needed to determine the longer term effects of alum buildup in the organic soil on the wetland biota, in particular, on the macrophytes and invertebrates. Since alum effectiveness is time limited, a longer term solution to P flux may favor the organic soil removal.     

Performance of hybrid vertical up- and downflow subsurface flow constructed wetlands in treating synthetic high-strength wastewater

The performance and temporal variation of hybrid vertical-subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) in response to two-stage combinations of vertical upflow (VUF) and vertical downflow (VDF) were analyzed in this research. The results of high carbon (C) treatment and high nitrogen (N) treatment were similar. The Lythrum salicaria treatment showed higher removal efficiency than CWs planted with Acorus calamus. Under high C- and N-loading treatments, the optimum two-stage combination was VDF-VUF VFCWs planted with A. calamus. Furthermore, the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were achieved in late summer (July and August) and early autumn (September). The chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were significantly affected (P?<?0.05) by season, system, and wetland plant.     

高盐工业废水人工湿地处理中植物的筛选

通过人工湿地中试实验,考察了芦苇、睡莲、水葱、狭叶香蒲和宽叶香蒲水生植物单元对经生化处理的石油和精细化工工业区的工业废水中盐含量较高、氮磷营养盐含量较低和化学需氧量(COD)含量较高的废水中污染物的去除情况,研究了在植物不同生长阶段系统中COD的去除同盐度之间的关系,探讨了盐度差异对植物生长状况的影响,为确定人工湿地适合的进水盐度,达到有效去除高含盐量工业废水中有机污染物提供依据。结果表明,芦苇、睡莲和狭叶香蒲3种植物单元内高含盐量工业废水中污染物的净化效果较水葱和宽叶香蒲单元的净化效果好:前3种植物单元内COD、生化需氧量(BOD)和总磷(TP)的去除率大约在38%、55%和62%左右,而水葱和宽叶香蒲2种植物单元内COD、BOD和TP的去除率大约在30%、36%和52%左右;系统中各个单元内总氮(TN)去除率都在85%以上。在植物的不同生长阶段,人工湿地系统中氯离子浓度与COD浓度之间的相关性存在差异:植物生长初期,系统中氯离子浓度与系统中COD浓度之间无显著相关性,而在植物生长旺期和末期,两者则成正相关关系。因此,需根据植物的生长阶段调整人工湿地的进水盐度。     

复合人工湿地对城市受污染河水的净化效果

采用2种复合人工湿地系统处理昆明市城市河流污水,为期1年的运行结果表明:2种复合人工湿地系统对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,TN、TP、COD和SS的月平均去除率分别达到50%、85%、85%和80%以上;2种复合人工湿地系统具有良好的耐冲击性,季节变化对出水水质不存在显著影响。其中,垂直上行流复合人工湿地系统性能更优于垂直上行流与水平流复合人工湿地系统;强降雨会对复合人工湿地出水水质造成一定的影响。     

不同类型潜流湿地处理养猪废水的对比

针对养猪废水的水质特点,在同等条件下开展了2种类型潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,水平潜流湿地(HSSF)与垂直潜流湿地(VSSF)由于结构设计的不同造成其布水方式和系统内部水力流态的不同,从而导致了两系统对养猪废水处理效果的差异;当水力负荷为0.02 m3/(m2.d)时,两系统对养猪废水中COD的平均去除率分别为93.18%和93.10%,对TN的平均去除率分别为53.44%和81.43%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为52.64%和84.62%,对TP的去除率分别为88.41%和95.71%;垂直潜流湿地可充分利用填料层,可增强系统的复氧能力,还可实现填料层中好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力,而且改善了养猪废水中其他污染物的去除效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,对于浓度较高的畜禽养殖废水,选择垂直潜流湿地较为合适。     

不同组合垂直潜流式人工湿地对高碳或氮污水的净化效果

4种组合的垂直潜流式人工湿地在高C和高N污染物负荷条件下都可以得到很好的污染物降解效果.VDFVUF湿地组合被确定为最优的组合,它在夏末(7月和8月)和初秋(9月)可以得到较高的污染物去除率,且在8月份可以达到最大值.VDF-VUF湿地组合对于COD、TN和TP去除率的平均值在高C污染物负荷条件下分别为(96.97 ±6.32)％、(89.45 ±5.29)％和(83.12±6.03)％;在高N污染物负荷条件下分别为(93.21±7.84)％、(94.27±4.36)％和(82.36±5.52)％.各种人工湿地组合的COD和TN的去除率都受到了季节变化、湿地组合类型以及这两者的综合效应的显著影响;但是TP的去除率则不受任何因素的显著影响.     

2种人工湿地的水力停留时间及净化效果

以复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)和水平潜流人工湿地(HSCW)为研究对象,研究了2种湿地运行的季节性最佳水力停留时间(HRT)参数,并监测了2种湿地在最佳HRT参数下运行时对污水的净化效果。结果显示:(1)在IVCW中,最佳HRT在春、秋季为8～10 h;夏季为6 h;冬季为12 h。在HSCW中,最佳HRT在春、秋季为10～12 h;夏季为6～8h;冬季为24～36 h。(2)2种湿地对COD的去除率均无显著的季节性差异;湿地进水中NH4+-N/TN比值与TN去除率显著负相关;不同季节下IVCW对TN的去除效果均高于HSCW。(3)水温对TN、TP去除率的影响在IVCW中比HSCW中的明显;水温高时,2种湿地中的TN去除率较高,IVCW中的TP去除率也较高,但HSCW中的TP去除率则较低,它们间均未达到显著的相关性。     

Influence of earthworm Eisenia fetida on removal efficiency of N and P in vertical flow constructed wetland

This study investigates biomass, density, photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in three wetland plants (Canna indica, Typha augustifolia, and Phragmites austrail) in response to the introduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida into a constructed wetland. The removal efficiency of N and P in constructed wetlands were also investigated. Results showed that the photosynthetic rate (P _n), transpiration rate (T _r), and stomatal conductance (S _cond) of C. indica and P. austrail were (p?<?0.05) significantly higher when earthworms were present. The addition of E. fetida increased the N uptake value by above-ground of C. indica, T. augustifolia, and P. australis by 185, 216, and 108 %, respectively; and its P uptake value increased by 300, 355, and 211 %, respectively. Earthworms could enhance photosynthetic activity, density, and biomass of wetland plants in constructed wetland, resulting in the higher N and P uptake. The addition of E. fetida into constructed wetland increased the removal efficiency of TN and TP by 10 and 7 %, respectively. The addition of earthworms into vertical flow constructed wetland increased the removal efficiency of TN and TP, which was related to higher photosynthetic activity and N and P uptake. The addition of earthworms into vertical flow constructed wetland and plant harvests could be the significantly sustainable N and P removal strategy.     

Treatment of greenhouse wastewater using constructed wetlands.

Five wetland designs, based on conventional surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF) approaches, were assessed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from greenhouse wastewater. Results indicated none of the individual designs assessed was capable of providing the highest treatment effect for all nutrients of concern; however, the SF wetland emerged as the most appropriate design for the treatment of greenhouse wastewater. The highest mean phosphorus reduction of 65% was observed in the unplanted SF wetlands. Peak nitrate reductions of 54% were observed in the 15-cm deep SF wetlands and ammonia removal of 74% was achieved in the unplanted SF wetlands. Nitrate concentration in the greenhouse effluent can be reduced to acceptable levels for the protection of freshwater aquatic life (i.e., less then 40 ppm) using a loading rate of 1.65 g NO3-N/m2/day and a design water depth of 30 cm or greater. Based on available literature and the results of this research project, a multistage design, consisting of an unplanted pre-treatment basin followed by a 25 to 35 cm deep surface flow marsh with open water components, is recommended.     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。     

复合改性海泡石同步处理废水中的氮磷

采用盐热和稀土掺杂制备复合改性海泡石,研究了复合改性海泡石对废水中N、P的吸附特征和去除效果。结果表明,与海泡石原矿粉比较,复合改性海泡石的脱氮除磷能力分别提高49.71%和90.14%;复合改性海泡石对N、P的吸附可以用Langmuir吸附模型描述,获得的最大吸附量分别为1.165和1.121 mg/g;修正的Elovich模型能较好地描述复合改性海泡石吸附N、P的动力学过程;用NaOH溶液可以再生吸附材料,获得较好的脱氮除磷效果,再生次数以2次为宜;用复合改性海泡石处理污水处理站的二级生化出水,最终出水的pH、N和P含量均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的要求。     

生活污水不同进水C/N比负荷对垂直潜流式人工湿地排放温室气体的影响

人工湿地处理的生活污水含氮量或者有机物含量很高时,可能会造成人工湿地在处理污水的过程中排放大量温室气体。研究了垂直潜流式人工湿地在人工合成的生活污水不同污染物进水C/N负荷条件下污水处理效果和温室气体(CO2和CH4)的排放量,利用现场测量和碳平衡模型估算分析了可以达到最佳污水净化效果和最少温室气体排放量的污染物进水C/N负荷条件。结果显示,在进水C/N负荷为C/N=6∶1~9∶1时可以得到最佳的污染物去除率。温室气体CH4排放量较CO2排放量可以忽略不计,而在进水C/N负荷为C/N=3∶1~6∶1时可以实现最少的温室气体排放。综上所述,最优的进水C/N负荷确定为C/N=6∶1,此时人工湿地可以得到较高的污染物去除率而排放较少的温室气体。     

潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果

为了探讨潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果,在野外条件下构建潜流人工湿地,分析了湿地中pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和DO的进出水变化,考察了湿地中污染物的净化效果,探讨了温度对湿地净化效果的影响。各湿地进、出水DO浓度相差不大;除美人蕉湿地外,其余湿地出水pH较进水变化较小;植物湿地出水ORP较进水均有所增大。植物湿地对污染物的去除效果均优于空白湿地,且随着气温的升高,NH4+-N、TN和CODMn的去除率逐渐增加,去除率分别可达90%、50%和20%。TP去除率却未随温度发生明显变化,始终波动在30%～60%之间。相关性分析结果表明湿地中NH4+-N和TN的去除率与温度相关,较低的有机物浓度造成CODMn的去除率与温度相关性差,由于湿地对磷的去除主要以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,TP的去除与温度不相关。     

Modeling the impact of potential wetlands on phosphorus retention in a Swedish catchment

In southern Sweden, wetlands are constructed to remove nitrogen (N) in agricultural catchments. The possible effects of such wetlands on riverine phosphorus (P) were also estimated using input-output data from three well-monitored wetlands. This was done to formulate a simple model for removal of P that is dependent on inflow characteristics. Next, the N- and P-reducing effects of wetlands were modeled on a catchment scale (1900 km2) using the HBV-NP model and various assumptions about the wetland area and location. All three wetlands functioned as sinks for total P (tot-P) and for total suspended solids (TSS) with a removal of 10% to 31% and 28% to 50%, respectively. Mean P-removal rates of 17-49 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) were well simulated with the model. Catchment scale simulations indicated that wetlands were more efficient (in percentage of load) as traps for P than for N and that this may motivate the construction of wetlands for P removal far upstream from the catchment outlet.     

基质结构对水平潜流人工湿地净化效果影响

为研究基质填充结构变化对人工湿地净化效果的影响,构建2个不同基质结构的对比水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,对城市污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,1～7 mm石英砂均混填充结构人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为49.5%,40.1%和56.1%;比较而言,1～7 mm石英砂分层填充结构湿地系统对3种污染物的平均去除率分别为53.7%,60.4%和68.6%。方差分析表明,不同石英砂结构的人工湿地对COD、NH4+-N及TP的净化效果差异显著(p<0.05)。此外,不同水力停留时间条件下,基质填充结构不同的湿地系统对以上3种污染物的净化效果也存在显著差异(p<0.05),去除率随着水力停留时间的增加而升高,当HRT为36 h时,各系统均能取得较好的净化效果。