厌氧发酵技术在有机垃圾处理方面的应用

根据有机垃圾（可生物降解）的特点及厌氧发酵工艺过程，论述了厌氧发酵技术在有机垃圾处理方面的实际应用价值，说明运用厌氧发酵技术处理有机垃圾是实现固体废弃物资源化、减量化、无害化的新趋势。     

城市生活垃圾与工业有机固废协同处置中有机污染物生成特征及控制技术

近年来固体废物产生量日益增多,而多种固体废物协同处置能够提高生活垃圾热值,实现固体废物的有效减容.为了有效减少有机污染物的排放,本文对在焚烧过程中二噁英、多氯联苯和多环芳烃的形成机理进行了探究,并着重阐明了不同固废（市政污泥与生活垃圾、木材与生活垃圾等）混烧产生有机污染物的排放特征以及关键影响因素.研究结果表明,固废种类、添加比例、组分、含水率等能够影响有机污染物的生成.较高的Cl和金属元素会促进有机污染物的生成,而S和N元素则有抑制效应.根据垃圾焚烧的工艺条件及有机污染物的生成机理,发现除“3T+E”外,改变固废性质、加入抑制剂及末端处置等方法也能有效控制有机污染物的产生.通过预处理可降低固废含水率提高热值.焚烧系统中可加入碱性化合物、硅铝复合添加剂、Mg(OH)2、硫酸锰、铂和钯等抑制剂来减少PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PAHs等有机污染物的生成.末端控制主要包含吸附和催化分解,其中催化分解技术更加稳定、去除效率更高,但目前催化剂的低温活性还有待进一步提高.整体来看,在清洁生产的大背景下,拓展不同种类固体废物间的混烧,可达到节约能源、减少污染物排放等目的,但不同固废混烧过程中有机污染...     

南京古泉农村生态工程设计和建设的研究 Ⅲ.纯施肥塘的水质与鱼产品产量和质量关系的比较研究

本文对纯施沼肥养鱼与纯施鸡粪养鱼池塘的水质、肥料品质及鱼产品质量等进行了全面的分析测定。结果表明,有机粪肥经沼池厌氧发酵后施入鱼塘比直接施入鱼塘的效果好得多,不仅水质好,鱼产量高(亩产808kg),鱼肉质好,而且肥料系数低,有明显的经济效益和生态效益,表明农业有机废弃物经厌氧发酵是实现饵料化的一条好途径。     

城市有机生活垃圾溶胞处理对其厌氧消化的影响机理

由于城市有机生活垃圾成分的复杂性和厌氧消化的限速步骤的影响,导致厌氧发酵的速度比较缓慢、产气量较少和工艺不稳定等问题。文章综述了国内外有机生活垃圾的各种溶胞处理技术,如物理法、化学法、生物法及其联合处理等方法,以便改善发酵物料的性质,消除厌氧发酵的限速步骤。研究认为,通过溶胞处理能够改善有机垃圾的物理化学性质如发酵物料的溶解度、酸碱度等,提高微生物对难降解有机物的分解,增加可溶性COD和挥发性酸的浓度,优化发酵细菌的代谢途径以及产物的组成等,从而增加生物气产量,缩短水力停留时间,强化厌氧发酵过程,减轻了后续处理的负担。     

南京古泉农村生态工程设计和建设的研究—Ⅲ.纯施肥塘的水质与鱼产品产量和质量关系的比较研究

本文对纯施沼肥养鱼与纯施鸡粪养鱼池塘的水质，肥料品质及鱼产品质量等进行了全面的分析测定。结果表明，有机粪肥经沼池厌氧发酵报到施入鱼塘比直接施入鱼塘的效果好得多，不仅水质好，鱼产量高（亩产808kg），鱼肉质好，而且肥料系数低，有明显的经济效益和生态效益，表明农业有机废弃物经厌氧发酵是实现铒料百分比的一条好途径。     

固体废物焚烧过程中二噁英的排放和生成机理研究进展

二噁英作为一类持久性有机污染物,因其具有强毒性和生物累积性而被广泛关注,为减少二噁英对生态环境造成的影响,研究环境中二噁英的来源及生成机理尤为重要.固体废物焚烧是二噁英在环境中的主要来源之一.本文综述了固体废物焚烧过程中产生二噁英的浓度水平,着重分析了不同因素对二噁英生成情况的影响,同时结合近年来量子化学在研究燃烧过程中二噁英生成机理方面的应用,系统阐述了典型二噁英前驱物燃烧生成二噁英的反应路径,并对深入研究固体废物焚烧中产生的二噁英对周边环境的危害提出了建议.     

农业废弃物生物黑炭转化还田作为低碳农业途径的探讨

生物黑炭是有机废弃物转化的稳定性碳物质.国际农业废弃物生物黑炭转化技术研究日益活跃,并正在进行农田增汇减排的试验示范.文章介绍了生物黑炭技术发展的背景,以及生物黑炭技术转化和应用研究的国际动态,讨论了生物黑炭技术在应对气候变化中对农业生产和固碳减排的潜在作用,并分析将其纳入国际碳贸易市场和国内自主减排碳交易市场的可能性.最后,提出我国开展农作物废弃物生物黑炭转化与农业应用研究的建议.     

电化学技术处理固体废物的研究进展

本文综述了近年来电化学氧化、电化学还原、电动力学等技术在固体废物处理及资源化方面的研究和应用,并介绍了新型电动力学修复技术(EDR)的研究现状,对目前存在的一些问题及今后的研究工作提出建议.     

环境保护部“土壤、沉积物、固体废物中有机污染物监测方法标准体系研讨会”在南京召开

为完善国家环保标准体系,做好环境污染物监测方法标准的制订和修订工作,环境保护部科技标准司于2009年3月25—27日在南京召开了“土壤、沉积物、固体废物中有机污染物监测方法标准体系研讨会”。会议由环境保护部南京环境科学研究所承办。目前已确定的26项土壤、沉积物、固体废物中有机污染物监测方法标准制订和修订承担单位的20余名代表参加了会议。     

厌氧发酵过程pH对微生物多样性和产物分布的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了不同pH条件下蔬菜类有机垃圾厌氧发酵过程中的微生物多样性,探讨了微生物群落结构与发酵产物分布的关系.Shannon指数分析表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物多样性较高,随时间变化规律相似,而pH=5时的微生物多样性较低.UPGMA聚类分析和PCA分析结果也表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物群落结构相似,pH=5与之显著不同.在不同pH条件下的优势菌属都是乳酸细菌和梭菌。微生物多样性的变化与发酵产物分布具有一定相关性,pH通过影响微生物群落结构的变化最终影响发酵产物的分布.图4表2参27     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.