云南省出口经济应对绿色壁垒的环保对策

加入WTO后，我们出口产品在关税、许可证、配额等方面的壁垒已逐渐被打破，而以绿色壁垒为代表的非关税壁垒门槛却日益增高，云南省已经在黄磷、茶叶等工农业产品出口上因此而付出代价。应尽快开展出口型产口环境标准的研究与制订，积极推行合格评定制度，大力推行清洁生产，以应对绿色壁垒的挑战。     

Training and communication in the implementation of environmental management systems (ISO 14001): a case study at the University of Gävle,Sweden

Training and communication are essential elements in the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS). This study is based on two main questions: (i) What methods for training and communication will support the implementation of EMS at a university? and, (ii) How did faculty and staff perceive the training and communication activities? The study includes a literature review, a case study of methods for training and communication, and results of a semi quantitative survey of the perception of training and communication. All activities took place at the University of Gävle (Sweden). The University of Gävle was certified according to ISO 14001 in 2004. Practical experiences from the implementation of EMS in industry were used as reference.The literature review indicates that training is a key factor during implementation of EMS, and that training may change attitude and behaviour among managers and employees. Similar conclusions can be drawn from this study. The case study, and practical experiences from industry, indicate that similar methods of EMS training and communication can be shared by industry and universities. However, “academic freedom” and “critical thinking” may result in the need for more interactive training methods at a university than in industry. The results of the survey indicate that the training and communication have increased awareness of environmental issues. A deeper understanding of the personal role in the EMS was also observed. It can be concluded that the EMS training and communication team has a demanding task to introduce the concept of indirect environmental aspects at a university. Lecturers and researchers should be convinced that the greening of a college involves more than, for example, reducing the consumption of paper. The main role of EMS at a university should be to focus on indirect environmental aspects, for example, to introduce environmental and sustainability issues in courses and research.     

Organising for environmental considerations in complex product development projects: implications from introducing a “Green” sub-project

This paper presents findings from a case study of a product development project in which environmental performance requirements were introduced. Focus is set on how the project was organised in order to ensure that the environmental performance requirements were considered. A specific “Green” sub-project was included in the project organisation. The analysis shows that such a sub-project can: (1) serve as a means to put environmental considerations on the agenda, (2) introduce a risk for confusion regarding who is responsible for fulfilling the environmental performance requirements, (3) act as an arena for communication about the environmental performance requirements, (4) serve as a platform for environmental champions to be active, and (5) serve as a means for environmental specialists to become part of established contact networks in the product development organisation.     

Cleaner production practices in a medium size gold-plated jewelry company in Brazil: when little changes make the difference

The paper reports the experiences of a medium size gold-plated jewelry company, located in São Paulo – Brazil, in order to reduce waste and pollution. Actions taken for this purpose are described, as well as the key factors affecting progress, the changes that have been introduced, their cost-effectiveness and the additional benefits accomplished. A waste minimization project was carried out to obtain environmental and economic benefits. The first cleaner production (CP) interventions targeting the improvement of the company's environmental performance are also described and related to economic benefits. Local scale performance indicators were employed to evidence the economic and the material savings by kilogram of piece produced. Additionally, savings achieved included 86% reduction in volume of degreasing solution and 36% reduction in electricity consumption. The results are complemented with the use of global scale performance indicators (Material intensity, MIs, and Emergy accounting), which look at upstream impacts and evaluate the environmental performance of the system on the biosphere scale, respectively. Material savings (MIs) account for each matter flow to and from a chain of processes from raw material to the final products, and were calculated in order to estimate the changes avoided in material flows and cycles due to the reduced use of inputs by the company. The total emergy of the savings is used as a quantitative measure of the total environmental support to the flows of energy and matter involved in the process, and is calculated to assess the work of nature spared by the reduced use of materials and energy by the company. Emergy values were converted to currency. Global scale performance indicators have shown that little changes within the company reduce upstream impacts and that benefits to the environment are greater than that observed in the companies neighborhood.     

Analysing influencing factors of corporate environmental information collection,management and communication

Relevant and understandable environmental information about production and products is needed in any attempt to mitigate environmental impact from production, products, and consumption. This paper introduces an analytical framework for studying the drivers, barriers and enablers of corporate environmental information collection, management and communication. The framework is built up by two main parts. In the first, we sort out what corporate environmental information is and how to spot gaps in information collection, management and communication. The second part examines the stakeholders and company features that could constitute important influencing factors. The framework is intended to support qualitative and quantitative studies which aim to increase understanding of what shapes the flow of environmental information in companies and product chains.     

Electrolytic manganese metal industry experience based China’s new model for cleaner production promotion

Cleaner production has long been viewed as an environmental management tool in China and many other countries. This understanding in recent years has become a major barrier that prevents CP from playing its full functions. This article introduces the approach, results and result dissemination of a project set up by the central government of China aiming at controlling the serious pollution of the electrolytic manganese metal industry. Based on experience of this project and our practical experiences of CP audits in more than 200 companies we propose a new model for CP promotion. A preliminary definition of the new model is presented.     

工业大气污染源排放绩效定量评价及应用

工业源治理是改善环境空气质量的重要途径,而如何开展精准治污仍然是目前亟需回答的问题.以天津市西青区为例,基于第二次全国污染源普查数据,对工业企业开展污染物排放绩效定量评价,并深入探究排放绩效评价应用于工业源精细化管控治理的意义、可行性以及存在的问题.结果发现,西青区各行业的排放绩效水平差异较大.污染物排放绩效水平与行业企业的自身属性、发展规模和管理水平有较为密切的关系.整体来看,家具制造业、金属制品业、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业等生产工艺本身产污量大且中小型企业居多的行业排放绩效水平偏差,而以计算机通信和其他电子设备制造业、汽车制造业为代表的高端行业排放绩效水平整体偏好.各行业中不同企业排放绩效差异也较大,其中金属机械制造类行业中绩效最差的11家企业工业产值对行业贡献0.06%,而PM排放量贡献达到8.50%;橡胶和塑料制品业中绩效最差的19家企业工业产值对全行业贡献4.76%,而VOCs排放量贡献却达到43.59%.同时,分别参照生态环境部相关技术指南和绩效评价结果设计减排方案,发现后者在减排同等规模污染物排放量时,减排成本最高可低于前者约90%.各行业、企业污染物排放绩效的差距,经济效益和环境成本的不协调,以及排放绩效评价对于精准减排的重要指引作用,充分证明开展排放绩效评价的必要性.结果表明污染物排放绩效评估可有效支撑宏观产业结构调整和中观、微观的工业企业环境治理,为精准治污提供重要参考路径.     

GE公司EHS绩效变化趋势与内部机制探讨

剖析通用电气Plan(政策/目标)-Do(运营体系)-Check&Act(检查改进)的EHS管理体系框架;通过综合指数法分析各环境、健康和安全绩效指标近年的变化趋势以及采取的管理措施;分析总结GE环境管理和环境质量绩效持续改进的机制与工具:(1)全球统一的EHS管理和运营体系;(2)自上而下的EHS培训与自下而上的沟通;(3)数字化的EHS管理工具;(4)严格的EHS审计保证机制;(5)强烈的企业公民责任意识和EHS文化,为国内企业建立和完善EHS管理和运营体系所借鉴。     

Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care: an environmental evaluation

Single-use medical devices have been under close scrutiny for several years, especially the choice of plastic materials. Many different requirements such as medical safety, treatment functionality and efficiency, environmental performance, etc. have to be fulfilled. Today, the most commonly used materials for hydrophilic urinary catheters are polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this research study, these two materials' environmental performance was evaluated. In light of the knowledge gained in that study a new plastic material for use in urinary catheters was developed. The aim of the development of this new material was to design a high performance material with superior environmental performance. The newly developed plastic material is a polyolefin-based elastomer. The ecological environmental performance of the new material was evaluated and compared to the existing plastic materials. The study focused exclusively on the choice of plastic materials and their ecological environmental performance.The analysis has been performed using a system perspective and a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit has been set to the treatment of one patient during one year. The results from the LCA models have been presented both in terms of direct inventory data, such as energy use and formed emissions, and in terms of the results from four different impact assessment methods. Analysis of the results based on direct inventory data, i.e. common inventory results such as energy resource uses and emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ show an overall better environmental performance for the new polyolefin-based elastomer compared to the existing PVC and TPU plastic materials. The normalization and weighting steps in the analyzes have indicated the importance of energy resource uses and global warming as indicator for the environmental performance even if other impact categories also can play a role. In the environmental impact assessment, the polyolefin-based elastomer showed a clearly better environmental performance than the TPU material. Compared to PVC plastic material the new polyolefin-based elastomer showed an almost equivalent environmental performance. This can be mainly explained by the different materials' energy use. The new material has thus also shown to be an environmentally good alternative to PVC if a PVC-free material is requested. Basing the plastic formula, on simple bulk plastics with low energy use in the production of single-use medical devices, has been shown to be a successful method of producing high quality products with superior environmental performance.     

化学制造业上市公司环境绩效与财务绩效关系研究

选取沪深两市2011年-2014年化学原料和化学制品制造业88家上市公司为研究样本,采用实证分析方法研究两者之间的关系.环境绩效用单位营业收入排污费来衡量,财务绩效用总资产净利率来衡量.考虑到财务绩效的影响因素不仅有环境绩效,所以加入了公司规模等控制变量.分析结果显示,环境绩效与财务绩效并不是相互矛盾的关系,环境绩效的改善可以帮助公司获得更多的经济利润,企业可以在生产经营的同时主动地去履行环境保护的责任,实现环境与经济绩效的共赢.     

Life cycle assessment to eco-design food products: industrial cooked dish case study

An industrial cooked dish is one of the food products with the most complex agri-food chain. In this study, an eco-design pilot experiment has been performed as a way to develop more efficient and sustainable agri-food products throughout its whole life cycle. To achieve this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to identify and quantify the environmental performance of the production and distribution of a cooked tuna with tomato dish. The most important stages of the life cycle have been established taking into consideration the full environmental impact as well as the potential reductions achievable by the application of various improvements.     

Environmental assessment of propionic acid produced in an agricultural biomass-based biorefinery system

This paper presents an environmental system study of the production of propionic acid in a biorefinery system based on agricultural by-products. Here, propionic acid is produced by fermentation of glycerol, a by-product from biodiesel production, as carbon source and potato juice, a by-product from starch production, as nitrogen source. Biomass-based propionic acid leads to a greenhouse gas reduction of 60% compared to propionic acid from fossil sources. However, the primary energy input is about twice as high for the biomass-based propionic acid. The choice of input energy and the efficiency of the process, as well as the technology applied, have high impacts on the environmental performance of the biorefinery concept. There is a potential for increased integration both on the input of substrates and the output of end products of the biorefinery system, which will further improve its environmental performance.     

Promoting factors and early indicators of a successful product panel

Product panels are presented as a promising method to find solutions for environmental problems arising from specific product groups. These panels consist of representatives of manufacturers, retail, research, environmental and consumer administration, recycling, and various other stakeholders who work together in the panel to draft plans of action aiming at improvements in the environmental characteristics of products and services, and promotion for environmentally sound products and services in the various markets.The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that promote successful panel work as based on the experiences from the Danish and Finnish product panels. In addition, we aim at finding several indicators in panel work that can help lead to successful results already in the early phase and, on the other hand, help to recognize panels that will be ineffective from the viewpoint of environmental policy. We also describe how the findings from the Danish and Finnish textile panels were applied to a new product panel in Finland dealing with furniture and how this panel has started its work.The paper is based on existing material about the three panels, including reports and websites of the Danish product panels and the Finnish Furniture panel. In addition, unpublished memos of the meetings of the three panels have been studied. An evaluation report of the Danish panels was very useful for the discussion of the findings. The authors have also participated in the furniture panel as a member and a secretary.Experiences from the Danish textile panel and some early results of the Finnish furniture panel indicate that, under the right conditions, gathering stakeholders from the whole product chain and administration into a panel can be an efficient way to promote the market for greener products and thus, can serve as a tool for integrated product policy. Key success factors include the basic idea, committed people and openness of the product panels. It is also important that the initiator give some guidance in the form of schedule, action plan and some preset objectives.     

From green product definitions and classifications to the Green Option Matrix

Hybrid cars, recycled products, photovoltaic cells, bioplastics: why so different products can be called ‘green’? Which practices companies willing to develop green products should implement? How companies can easily and effectively communicate to stakeholders the environmental features of their green products? This paper tries to answer these questions, by developing a Green Option Matrix (GOM), which characterizes green products and practices along different dimensions. This matrix is then used to analyze the different features of green products as well as related green practices developed by a sample of companies belonging to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (DJSWI). Relevant data are collected by means of content analysis of companies’ websites and sustainability reports. Green products and practices developed by each company in the sample are positioned in the matrix and results are presented and discussed for each industrial sector. Then, different sectors’ behaviors are compared. The proposed matrix can be used by companies as a market tool to analyze competitors’ green products and practices and as a communication tool to effectively communicate to stakeholders the specific green features of their products and practices.     

肠道菌群的环境毒理学研究:现状与展望

肠道菌群对人类和动物的健康发挥着重要作用,已经成为近年来国内外环境毒理学研究的又一新兴课题.由于肠道和肠道菌群系统是大部分污染物进入生物体后第一个暴露接触点,污染物必然要通过这层屏障进一步诱导毒性效应.因此,研究环境污染物对肠道菌群的影响及其与宿主健康互作关系具有重要意义.结果表明:①污染物对肠道菌群丰度和多样性的干扰作用是目前研究的焦点,个人护理品、医用药物、重金属、农药、新污染物、空气污染物、持久性有机污染物等七大类常见污染物的毒理学研究中均发现肠道菌群的改变.②有益菌群可以彼此影响并与肠道系统相互作用,参与调控宿主营养物质消化、免疫系统反应、内分泌调节、神经元活动等多方面的生理过程;相关分析表明,对拟杆菌、厚壁菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌群的改变是污染物毒性效应的关键途径.③环境污染物暴露可以影响肠道菌群结构和代谢活动,通过肠道菌群的介导作用,进而破坏肠道屏障功能和完整性,影响免疫反应、代谢调控、内分泌信号通路、神经发育等一系列生理生化过程最终影响宿主健康.研究显示,肠道菌群可以作为环境毒理学研究中的新型终点,对深入研究污染物的毒性效应和作用机制具有重要意义.      

用于环境适应性验证的高加速应力试验

对于一些高健壮水平的信息化电子设备,由于产品环境裕度很大,采用常规环境模拟试验技术很难验证出产品的环境适应性水平,也无法知道产品的环境健壮裕度。基于此,提出了一种高效率的用于环境适应性验证的加速应力试验技术,将当前环境适应性试验＂通过或不通过＂的符合性验证现状,发展到装备环境适应性水平的定量评估层次,来验证产品的环境裕度。从用于环境适应性验证的加速应力试验的理论出发,阐述加速应力试验的依据、前提、应力种类、方案设计等几方面内容,力争为改变我国在装备研制中根据标准和规范确定产品环境试验项目、试验条件的被动状态提供一点解决思路。     

声子晶体型高速公路声屏障的降噪性能

利用高速公路改扩建工程产生的大量废旧护栏立柱,针对高速公路轮胎-路面主要噪声,建立三种二维气-固型声子晶体声屏障.利用Comsol Multiphysics计算相应的能带结构,并探究带隙的影响因素.结果表明3种形式均可以产生相应的带隙;散射体壁厚大小对于带隙宽度影响很小,但采用空心散射体可以在低频产生一条完全禁带;对散射体进行开口处理可以有效增加低频带隙宽度;当晶格填充率增大至0.5后,随着填充率增大,从高频到低频依次产生完全禁带,且带隙总宽度增大;通过仿真模拟与室内实验相结合的方式验证了声屏障的降噪特性,声屏障在带隙范围内具有良好的降噪性能,相较直立同规格复合板声屏障,低频降噪效果提升1~16dB,高频降噪效果提升1~2dB,但在1600Hz后,声子晶体声屏障降噪效果不及复合板声屏障,降噪效果受周期数影响较大.声子晶体声屏障可实现新型降噪理念与绿色环保的有机结合.     

声子晶体型高速公路声屏障的降噪性能

利用高速公路改扩建工程产生的大量废旧护栏立柱,针对高速公路轮胎-路面主要噪声,建立三种二维气-固型声子晶体声屏障.利用Comsol Multiphysics计算相应的能带结构,并探究带隙的影响因素.结果表明3种形式均可以产生相应的带隙;散射体壁厚大小对于带隙宽度影响很小,但采用空心散射体可以在低频产生一条完全禁带;对散射体进行开口处理可以有效增加低频带隙宽度;当晶格填充率增大至0.5后,随着填充率增大,从高频到低频依次产生完全禁带,且带隙总宽度增大;通过仿真模拟与室内实验相结合的方式验证了声屏障的降噪特性,声屏障在带隙范围内具有良好的降噪性能,相较直立同规格复合板声屏障,低频降噪效果提升1~16dB,高频降噪效果提升1~2dB,但在1600Hz后,声子晶体声屏障降噪效果不及复合板声屏障,降噪效果受周期数影响较大.声子晶体声屏障可实现新型降噪理念与绿色环保的有机结合.     

Development of environmental performance indicators for textile process and product

The increasing demand for environmental performance evaluation of industry requires development of sector-specific environmental performance indicators (EPIs). For the consumer product manufacturing industry, in this case the textile industry, the need to evaluate environmental performance both from process and product life cycle perspectives leads to development of EPIs of process and product dimensions. Such types of EPIs have been developed, with best achievable values being identified, by this study for cotton woven products and wet processing. An in-depth discussion has been presented concerning problems in developing and applying EPIs, while areas for further research are also recommended.     

近年来美国环境政策制定的趋势及对我国的启示

美国是世界环境政策的引领,对我国生态文明制度建设有着重要的参考价值。通过系统梳理近年来美国环境政策制定的趋势发现,美国环境立法出现了僵局,但环境政策却以国会"非正统"的立法、联邦行政机构的环境政策制定、法院裁决、联邦行政机构和非公机构合作制定环境政策、地方环境政策、非政府环境政策等新方式出现,环境政策制定相当活跃。因此,借鉴美国经验,我国也可加强系统性环境法律体系的建设、优化行政机构的环境政策制定、积极发挥法院体系在环境政策领域中的作用、推动地方环境政策可先行先试以及参与式环境政策制定模式的探索。