嗜吡啶红球菌GF3降解1-氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸的特性

从受溴氨酸污染的泥土中分离出1株蒽醌染料中间体1-氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸(简称ASA-2)降解菌株GF3.经形态学观察和16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为嗜吡啶红球菌.研究了该菌对ASA-2脱色的特性,并利用液相-质谱联用仪初步分析了ASA-2降解终产物.研究结果表明,外加蛋白胨、酵母膏和水解酪蛋白均能促进ASA-2的生物脱色,其中蛋白胨促进作用最为明显.进一步的研究发现多种氨基酸可加速ASA-2的生物脱色过程,其中L-亮氨酸促进效果最好.ASA-2脱色的最适环境条件为p H 8.0、30℃和150 r·min~(-1).最适条件下,菌株GF3可使108 mg·L-1的ASA-2在30 h内脱色率达95%以上,TOC去除率为62%.紫外-可见波谱显示,当ASA-2水溶液由红色褪成无色时,ASA-2的特征吸收峰完全消失,并在340 nm产生了新峰.进一步分析发现,ASA-2降解终产物质荷比为260,初步推测产物为3-氨基-4-磺酸基邻苯二甲酸.此外,菌株GF3还可以降解溴氨酸、蒽醌-2-磺酸钠和蒽醌-2-羧酸.     

ANAMMOX菌利用零价铁转化氨和硝酸盐实验

研究在自养条件下,零价铁促使厌氧氨氧化菌同步转化硝酸盐和氨氮的性能.添加零价铁,温度35℃±0.5℃,进水p H7~8,进水氨氮、硝态氮分别为50~100 mg·L~(-1)、50~100 mg·L~(~(-1))条件下,添加ANAMMOX菌后硝酸盐的还原加快8.2倍,并且出现硝酸盐和氨的同步转化,其转化速率最高达17.2 mg·(L·h)~(-1).改变反应时间及进水n(NH+4):n(NO-3),两者摩尔转化比于1.2~3.5范围内波动,该反应并非基元反应.实验证明,氨与硝酸盐同步转化途径为零价铁作用首先将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,生成的亚硝酸盐再与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.     

硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮条件控制研究

采用全混式厌氧搅拌罐,研究自养条件下,厌氧氨氧化与硫自养反硝化共同存在时,前者对系统中硫酸盐的产生和碱度消耗的影响.投加单质硫颗粒50 g·L~(-1),接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥100 g·L~(-1)(湿重),控制温度35℃±0.5℃,搅拌强度120r·min-1,p H为8.0~8.4.启动硫自养反硝化阶段,进水硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为5.3 h,反应器硝态氮负荷达0.56~0.71 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化反应过程中,添加60 mg·L~(-1)氨氮后,硝态氮负荷仍维持在0.66~0.88kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).反应体系内单位硝酸盐转化产生的硫酸盐Δn(SO~(2-)_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)由1.21±0.06降低至1.01±0.10,Δ(IC)∶Δ(NO~-_3-N)由0.72±0.1降低至0.51±0.11,出水p H值由6.5上升至7.2.序批试实验优化反应条件:在搅拌强度G_T值为22~64 s~(-1),p H值为8.08时,耦合反应Δn(NH~+_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)最高达到0.43,硝酸盐转化速率提升60%,过高搅拌强度(搅拌速度G_T值64 s~(-1))、不适宜的p H值(最适p H值为8.02)环境都会起同步转化效率的降低.     

中长链脂肪酸为碳源的Pseudomonas veronii和Pseudomonas alcaliphila反硝化途径亚硝酸盐累积特性

厌氧-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺作为低能耗脱氮工艺,如何提供适宜比例的亚硝酸盐成为研究的关键问题之一.部分反硝化为稳定提供厌氧氨氧化所需的亚硝酸盐提供了可行途径.本文重点针对厌氧工艺中可能产生的中长链脂肪酸对反硝化过程的影响进行研究,筛选出两株具有反硝化能力的细菌Pseudomonas veronii(W-22)和Pseudomonas alcaliphila(W-39),通过批次试验,考察了中长链脂肪酸和常用碳源对菌株反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,在硝酸盐浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),C/N=15,30℃条件下,W-22利用葡萄糖、W-39利用乙醇和葡萄糖,可在36 h内达到稳定的亚硝酸盐累积,亚硝酸盐最大累积速率(R_m)分别为2.50、5.56和8.35 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),亚硝酸盐浓度分别维持在57.11、82.14和80.16 mg·L~(-1);W-39利用己酸钠为碳源的R_m为0.99 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),亚硝酸盐浓度逐渐升高至72.34 mg·L~(-1);W-22和W-39利用辛酸钠的反应迟滞期在57 h以上,后期伴随硝酸盐浓度降低和亚硝酸盐浓度升高,R_m分别为0.97和7.17 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1).在本研究条件下,碳源类型对菌株反硝化进程的影响存在差异.     

菌株Desulfovibrio sp. CMX的DNRA性能和影响因素

微生物的硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)过程对自然界中铵根离子的存在和转化具有重要影响,然而关于SRB菌株DNRA过程影响和机制尚未探明.本文考察了实验室筛选的SRB菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX的DNRA能力、影响因素及其影响机制.结果表明,无外加氮源的情况下,分别以10 mmol·L-1NO_3~-和NO_2~-作为唯一电子受体,菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX最终NH_4~+生成率分别达到85.8%和97.3%,且无N2和N2O等副产物产生.实验探究了不同外加氮源、不同初始浓度的SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)对菌株DNRA过程的影响.酵母浸粉作为外加氮源可促进菌株的生长和代谢从而促进菌株DNRA过程;SO_4~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段起促进作用,而对NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段起抑制作用,综合两方面影响,最终表现出对菌株DNRA过程的抑制作用;S~(2-)对菌株生长及DNRA过程都表现出抑制作用,且S~(2-)浓度越高抑制作用越强,当S~(2-)浓度达到6 mmol·L-1后,S~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段的抑制作用强于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段的抑制作用,NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-速率低于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+速率,此时体系中不再有NO_2~-的积累.     

降解喹啉的假单胞菌BW003菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性

从焦化废水活性污泥中分离出1株能利用喹啉作为唯一碳、氮源及能源的高效降解菌,16S rRNA鉴定为Pseudomonas sp..降解试验表明,菌株能将192～911 mg/L的喹啉在3～8 h内有效地降解,去除率均在96％～98％.最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解初始pH值为8.0.跟踪分析降解中间产物发现：在整个降解过程中,至少有43％的喹啉转化为2-羟基喹啉,其后有0.69％的2-羟基喹啉转化为2,8-二羟基喹啉,随后再转化为8-羟基香豆素;另外,至少有48％的喹啉中氮直接转化为氨氮,且外加碳源能促进氨氮的进一步转化,控制好碳氮比将能有效去除喹啉及其转化的各种污染物.     

非水溶性醌加速菌GWF生物还原高氯酸盐的研究

通过添加非水溶性醌可以大大缩短菌GWF(KM062029)还原高氯酸盐的停滞期.通过批次实验研究非水溶性醌影响生物还原高氯酸盐过程中的多种因素.结果表明,蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、1,5-二氯蒽醌、1,8-二氯蒽醌和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌这5种非水溶醌的加速顺序为1,5-二氯蒽醌1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌1,8-二氯蒽醌蒽醌1-氯蒽醌,1,5-二氯蒽醌的最佳加速浓度为0.036 mmol·L~(-1);生物还原的最佳温度和最佳p H值分别为35℃和7.5;共存阴离子(硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸盐)对高氯酸盐生物还原都有一定的促进作用;在固定化1,5-二氯蒽醌加速高氯酸盐生物还原的稳定性研究中,1,5-二氯蒽醌乙酸纤维素小球循环使用4次,高氯酸盐生物还原速率仍是空白乙酸纤维素小球2倍以上.     

零价铁自养反硝化过程活性污泥矿化及解决措施

本研究通过接种生活污水处理厂活性污泥,在升流式厌氧反应器内启动了零价铁还原硝酸盐的反应,经过52d的运行后实现氮去除速率29.3 g·(m~3·d)~(-1).针对运行过程中形成的三价铁及铁氧化物对污泥的包裹,致使污泥矿化,导致活性降低的问题,进行了流加污泥和改变回流两种防矿化方式的可行性研究.采用流加方式,经过22 d运行,硝酸盐氮转化速率在33.0 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,出水亚硝酸盐氮平均浓度16.50 mg·L~(-1),此两者和矿化时期相比均无较大变化,而出水氨氮平均浓度从12.38 mg·L~(-1)下降到3.58 mg·L~(-1),氮去除速率从9.9 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)恢复至15.0 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),生物反应减弱了化学还原硝酸盐过程;采用改变回流方式,反应柱外部设置回流池,利用回流池上部水进行水力循环和上升冲刷,将生成的三价铁及铁氧化物随出水流出并沉积在外部回流池内,在上升流速3.49 m·h-1的条件下,转化硝酸盐对应生成的三价铁量有大约58%通过回流沉淀在外部回流池内,硝酸盐氮反应速率在34.3 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮浓度分别为0.22 mg·L~(-1)、0.75mg·L~(-1),未出现氨和亚硝酸盐的大量积累,实现氮去除速率在33.4 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),实现了长期运行中污泥矿化问题的解决.对比两种方式,从处理效果看改变回流模式处理污泥矿化问题优于污泥流加方式.     

有机碳源作用下厌氧氨氧化系统的脱氮效能

采用ASBR厌氧氨氧化反应器,研究不同有机碳源及浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化菌活性与反应器脱氮性能的影响.实验结果表明,当葡萄糖浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,厌氧氨氧化活性下降84.2%;当乙酸钠浓度低于120 mg·L~(-1)时不但不会抑制厌氧氨氧化菌的活性,还在一定程度上促进了厌氧氨氧化反应的进行;蔗糖对厌氧氨氧化的促进作用与乙酸钠类似,当浓度为80mg·L~(-1)时,最大比厌氧氨氧化速率提高了25.0%;柠檬酸三钠对厌氧氨氧化反应几乎没有影响,当有机物浓度为80 mg·L~(-1)时,最大比厌氧氨氧化速率达到最大.有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化的促进作用由大到小为:蔗糖乙酸钠柠檬酸三钠葡萄糖.有机碳源作用下,厌氧氨氧化反应可协同反硝化反应去除系统中的硝态氮,提高了系统总氮的去除率.     

高盐条件下染料酸性橙7的生物降解特性

对偶氮染料废水厌氧-好氧生物处理中的高盐度抑制生物活性和芳香胺自氧化问题,通过多种强化策略,考察了NaCl为100g/L时酸性橙7(AO7)的生物降解特性.结果表明,加入葡萄糖(0.5g/L)、蛋白胨(1g/L)和酵母粉(0.5g/L)有利于高盐条件下AO7的生物降解.进水中加入酸性红B对AO7的脱色有加速作用.耐盐污泥中加入蒽醌形成的蒽醌-污泥自固定化体系可以促进AO7脱色,当蒽醌浓度为100mg/L时,AO7最大脱色率约为92%.以活性炭毡作为生物载体,厌氧和好氧体系均可实现稳定运行,且体系污泥沉降性良好,脱色速率达26.67mg/(L×h),且可有效抑制脱色中间产物1-氨基-2-萘酚的好氧自氧化,使COD去除率始终保持在90%以上.     

Heat-balling wasps by honeybees

Defensiveness of honeybee colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (actively balling the wasps but reduction of foraging) against predatory wasps, Vespa velutina, and false wasps was assessed. There were significantly more worker bees in balls of the former than latter. Core temperatures in a ball around a live wasp of A. cerana were significantly higher than those of A. mellifera, and also significantly more when exposed to false wasps. Core temperatures of bee balls exposed to false wasps were significantly lower than those exposed to V. velutina for both A. cerana and for A. mellifera. The lethal thermal limits for V. velutina, A. cerana and A. mellifera were significantly different, so that both species of honeybees have a thermal safety factor in heat-killing such wasp predators. During wasps attacks at the hives measured at 3, 6 and 12 min, the numbers of Apis cerana cerana and Apis cerana indica bees continuing to forage were significantly reduced with increased wasp attack time. Tropical lowland A. c. indica reduced foraging rates significantly more than the highland A. c. cerana bees; but, there was no significant effect on foraging by A. mellifera. The latency to recovery of honeybee foraging was significantly greater the longer the duration of wasp attacks. The results show remarkable thermal fine-tuning in a co-evolving predator–prey relationship.     

Interspecific utilisation of wax in comb building by honeybees

Beeswaxes of honeybee species share some homologous neutral lipids; but species-specific differences remain. We analysed behavioural variation for wax choice in honeybees, calculated the Euclidean distances for different beeswaxes and assessed the relationship of Euclidean distances to wax choice. We tested the beeswaxes of Apis mellifera capensis, Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata and the plant and mineral waxes Japan, candelilla, bayberry and ozokerite as sheets placed in colonies of A. m. capensis, A. florea and A. cerana. A. m. capensis accepted the four beeswaxes but removed Japan and bayberry wax and ignored candelilla and ozokerite. A. cerana colonies accepted the wax of A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata but rejected or ignored that of A. m. capensis, the plant and mineral waxes. A. florea colonies accepted A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea wax but rejected that of A. m. capensis. The Euclidean distances for the beeswaxes are consistent with currently prevailing phylogenies for Apis. Despite post-speciation chemical differences in the beeswaxes, they remain largely acceptable interspecifically while the plant and mineral waxes are not chemically close enough to beeswax for their acceptance.     

Host manipulation by the orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata: gall induction on distant leaves by dose-dependent stimulation

The evolution of the gall-inducing ability in insects and the adaptive significance of the galling habit have been addressed by many studies. Cicadulina bipunctata, the maize orange leafhopper, is an ideal study organism for evaluating these topics because it can be mass-reared and it feeds on model plants such as rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays). To reveal differences between gall inductions by C. bipunctata and other gall inducers, we conducted four experiments concerning (a) the relationship between the feeding site and gall-induction sites of C. bipunctata on maize, (b) the effects of leafhopper sex and density, (c) the effects of length of infestation on gall induction, and (d) the effects of continuous infestation. C. bipunctata did not induce galls on the leaves where it fed but induced galls on other leaves situated at more distal positions. The degree of gall induction was significantly correlated with infestation density and length. These results indicate that C. bipunctata induces galls in a dose-dependent manner on leaves distant from feeding sites, probably by injecting chemical(s) to the plant during feeding. We suggest that insect galls are induced by a chemical stimulus injected by gall inducers during feeding into the hosts.     

高铁酸盐对藻类肝毒素的降解

研究高铁酸盐对悦目颤藻(Oscillatoria amoena)肝毒素(Microcystin-LR)的降解效能及其与pH的关系. 结果表明,处理有机质含量很高的藻类肝毒素粗提液,当高铁投加量增到40mg/L,pH控制在6～10,肝毒素几乎被完全降解.同时高铁的还原产物Fe³⁺、Fe(OH)₃发挥其助凝、絮凝的作用,对水体中有机质吸附沉降去除,TOC去除率达到50%左右,铁几乎无残留.高效液相色谱分析发现,作用机制可能是高铁氧化或异构化Adda基团的共轭双键,使Adda基团的结构发生变化,从而降低其毒性.     

甲烷丝菌混养促进螺旋藻自发酵产氢

采用只消耗乙酸盐而不消耗氢气的甲烷丝菌与螺旋藻混合培养,以提高螺旋藻利用自身多糖在自身氢酶作用下暗发酵产氢量.通过培养基调控提高了螺旋藻生长富集的总糖产量,当Na Cl浓度由239 mmol·L~(-1)增加到739 mmol·L~(-1),螺旋藻总糖产量提高了107.7%,达到0.54g·L~(-1).螺旋藻在黑暗厌氧条件下加入甲烷丝菌混养后的自发酵产氢量提高了33.8%,达到43.8 m L·g-1;液相主要代谢产物乙酸盐则提高了69.2%,达到1639.1μmol·g-1.同时,螺旋藻加入甲烷丝菌混养后自发酵过程的能量转换效率由6.7%提高到11.6%.甲烷丝菌通过消耗乙酸盐促进了螺旋藻自发酵产氢的乙酸途径反应正向进行,从而提高了氢气产量和能量转换效率.     

微藻无机氮利用过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏

选用两种δ15N差异显著的铵态氮和硝态氮,分别设置不同浓度的铵态氮和硝态氮来处理莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻,通过分析微藻的稳定氮同位素组成变化,来研究微藻利用不同浓度、不同形态无机氮过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏特征。结果显示,在未添加无机氮的条件下,微藻利用有机氮时,生长缓慢,稳定氮同位素基本上不存在分馏;在添加低浓度无机氮(≤20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长和稳定氮同位素分馏都随着无机氮浓度的增加而增加;而添加高浓度无机氮(20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长趋于稳定,铵态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏继续加大,而硝态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏反而减小,可能与此时微藻硝酸还原酶的活力减小有关。     

微生物吸附剂对重金属的吸附特性

从活性污泥中分离得到5株菌,检验了它们对重金属离子的吸附能力,其中类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)和藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)GC subgroup B对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)离子吸附能力最强.考察了Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)离子分别在这2种菌体上的吸附特性研究表明,Langmuir型吸附模式能很好地描述Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)离子在这2种菌体上的吸附实验数据,其线形回归系数高达0.99,溶液pH值是影响吸附的最主要因素,pH=5～6是吸附Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)离子的适宜条件.吸附动力学实验研究表明,菌体对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)离子的吸附可以分为迅速的细胞表面结合和缓慢的向细胞内的传输,稀HNO₃和H₂SO₄是Cu(Ⅱ)离子从Micrococcus luteus GC subgroup B菌体上有效的洗脱剂.     

Mechanical defence in seeds to avoid predation by a granivorous ant

Harvester ants have traditionally been considered as seed predators that negatively affect plants. In some cases, however, they can also act as positive seed dispersers. During field observations, we noted that a portion of Psoralea bituminosa seeds that were collected and carried to the nest by the granivorous harvester ant Messor barbarus were discarded intact in refuse piles outside the nest. We analyzed and compared the physical characteristics of size, mass and toughness in P. bituminosa seeds from two different origins: intact seeds found in the ant's refuse piles and seeds collected directly from the plants. Seeds from refuse piles were similar in width but lighter and tougher than seeds from the plant. Our results point to a mechanical defence based on seed toughness to avoid predation by M. barbarus and suggest that an elevated proportion (~69%) of the seeds produced by P. bituminosa could be too tough to be consumed by this ant. These transported but uneaten seeds could benefit by being moved far from the mother plant and this could act as a selective evolutionary pressure towards tough seeds.     

简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum木质素降解能力

从土壤中分离得到一株真菌经鉴定为简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum,将该菌用于木质素类化合物利用、染料脱色、天然木素降解及产酶特性等研究,充分证实该菌具有木质素降解能力.简青霉降解木质素是木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶(Lac)和木聚糖酶共同作用的结果,降解主要发生在LiP与木聚糖酶活高产的初级代谢阶段,与白腐真菌表现出不同的作用机制.25d培养可使稻草木质素绝对量损失0.23g,降解率达14.94%,同时纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解.而pH值、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺浓度对木质素的降解有较大影响.     

Flower-visiting behavior of male bees is triggered by nectar-feeding insects

Bees are important pollinators for many flowering plants. Female bees are thought to be more effective pollinators than male bees because they carry much more pollen than males. Males of some solitary bee species are known to patrol near flowers that females visit. Because patrolling males visit flowers to mate or defend their territories, they may function as pollinators. However, the significance of patrolling males to pollination has not been studied. We studied males of a solitary bee, Heriades fulvohispidus (Megachilidae), patrolling near flowers and visiting flowers that attracted nectar-feeding insects, including conspecifics, on the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. To test the hypothesis that patrolling male bees may function as pollen vectors, we compared the frequency of visits by H. fulvohispidus to flowers of an endemic plant, Schima mertensiana (Theaceae); comparisons were made among flowers with a dead H. fulvohispidus, a dead beetle, a piece of plastic, and nothing (control flowers). Patrolling H. fulvohispidus more frequently visited flowers with a dead conspecific, a dead beetle, or a piece of plastic than the control flowers. Our experiment demonstrates that nectar-feeding insects (including conspecifics and other insects) enhance the flower-visiting frequency of patrolling H. fulvohispidus males on S. mertensiana flowers. Furthermore, we observed S. mertensiana pollen on patrolling males as well as females, suggesting that male bees may also function as pollen vectors.