共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 500 毫秒
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一、采样点的布设 在兰州市城区大气例行监测布点的基础上筛选确定6个不同功能特征的采样点,并避开局部污染干扰。具体点位见表1和图1。 相似文献
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序贯数论优化法和侧影图进行河流优化布点 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用序贯数论优化法(SNTO)对监测点进行分类,同时根据分类结果,基于样本之间的相似性和差异性,构造一Rousseuw定义的函数并做侧影图,以确定各属类的最佳代表点,从而遴选出优化了的点位. 相似文献
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美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计介绍 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计。首先,指导性文件《基本水质监测方案》中的环境监测计划要求建立1个不少于1 000个点位的国家地表水质环境监测网,并提出了点位设计的标准,包括4点基本要求和针对每一类水域的具体要求。其次,另一指导性文件《准备州综合水质评估(305b报告)和电子升级:报告内容的准则》提出了1种新的对水质的综合性评估技术,要求在传统的判断点位设计的基础上增加概率统计点位设计方法。最后,全国一致的概率统计点位设计是相当有效的获知全国范围的水质情况及变化趋势的方法,EPA完全支持通过这种概率统计点位设计的方法来评估更多的水质状况。概率统计点位设计是EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计的发展趋势。 相似文献
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应用鱼类完整性指数F-IBI评价巢湖流域的主要河流健康 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
保护河流健康是河流生态管理的重要目标,鱼类对维护河流生态系统健康的作用重要且不可替代。依据2013年10月巢湖53个河流采样点的鱼类调查数据,采用假设参照值法构建鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)的参照系统,进而评价河流健康状况。基于29个候选生物参数,通过参数与环境因子间的相关性分析、参数间的冗余分析及其分布范围分析,确定F-IBI由鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类物种数百分比、中下层鱼类物种数百分比、肉食性鱼类数量百分比、产粘性卵鱼类数量百分比和耐受性鱼类数量百分比等6个参数构成。利用比值法统一各参数量纲,F-IBI值即为各构成参数比值的累加,进而评价河流水生态健康的等级,其中亚健康的采样点占16.98%,健康状况一般的采样点占50.94%,健康状况较差的采样点占32.08%。此外,影响巢湖主要河流F-IBI的重要水环境变量是叶绿素a。对重点污染区域,修复水生态系统和制定科学合理的策略,是恢复巢湖流域生态健康的重要手段。 相似文献
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以江苏省河流湖泊为研究对象,选取不同水体代表性点位,运用多生境采样法和形态学鉴定获取淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数及对应的采样面积,拟合实际结果的物种数与面积关系对数函数曲线。所研究采样量包括采样面积值、样方及样带数。研究发现,不同水体点位最适采样量面积为1.45~12.75 m2,样方及样带总数为6~16个,其要求十分耗时耗力。为解决这一问题,以物种数与面积关系对数函数的一阶导数曲线y≈1值为临界点,提出"高效采样量"概念,并提出3条采样原则供讨论。同时得到江苏地区高效采样量:涉水可过河流采样面积为1.36 m2,涉水不可过河流采样面积为1.5 m2,不可涉水河流和浅水湖泊采样面积为1.75 m2,均需采集4个样方,1个样带。 相似文献
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跨地,市行政区域河流边界水质达标管理 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了使跨行政区域的河流水质达标管理,在跨行政区域河流的边界处设置水质监测控制断面,依据上下水断面控制目标,各行政区行政首先实施环境保护目标责任制,以控制进入水体的污染物总量,做到在下水边界水质达标交接,共同保护河流水质,合理有效地利用水资源,以促进社会和经济可持贯续发展。论述了跨行政区河流边界水质达标管理的必要性、达标管理的内容。阐述了边界控制断面设置的原则,水质控制目标的确定应考虑的因素,水质达 相似文献
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River habitat monitoring and assessment in Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Whereas assessing the biological and chemical quality of water is a standard environmental procedure in many countries, the use of habitat survey methods that assess the ecomorphological quality of rivers is relatively new. In Europe, the EC Water Framework Directive requires such assessment from all EU Member States. In Germany, the first river habitat assessments were introduced in the late 1990 s. Each federal state develops its own river habitat map using the 'On-site Survey' and/or the 'Overview Survey'. The assessment describes the difference of the actual condition from a previously defined reference condition. In practice, a defined 'potential for restoration', a more realistic condition, makes restoration activities much easier and more successful. In Germany, the first River Habitat Map 2001 was published in 2002. The survey covered 33,000 km of river length, which equates to 10% of all rivers. A wide range from 'Undisturbed' (class 1) to 'Totally Disturbed' (class 7) river units exists; 77% of them are 'Clearly Disturbed' (class 4) or in worse condition. These result reflects extensive anthropogenic impact on the environment in general, but also past intense technical river 'improvements' that focused on the protection of settlements and traffic routes from flooding, better shipping conditions, the use of water power, and drainage of floodplains for agriculture and urban development. For comparability of survey results between EU Member States, a harmonization of national survey methods is in progress. A crucial point here is the definition of the reference condition for each river (near-natural conditions), since it influences the survey results. 相似文献
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Based on field investigations in the Changjiang River mouth, rain sampling from the river's upper reaches to the mouth, historical data, and relevant literatures, the budget and major control factors of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the river catchment were estimated and discussed from the catchment scale. It will supply a base for effective controlling P concentration in the Changjiang River and its mouth. Results show that the export fluxes of TP and DIP were mainly controlled by the river runoff. The TP and DIP in the Changjiang River came mainly from agricultural nonpoint source P losses from fertilizer and soil and point sources of industrial waste and residential sewage discharges. The export fluxes of TP and DIP in the river mouth were only 27.0% and 28.3% of the imports from the river catchment, respectively, suggesting that most of P were removed in transportation. A mass of freshwater marshes in the river catchment were the main areas to remove P. Significant increasing in utilization of fertilizer P and incessant increasing in water and soil loss areas were the primary reasons of agricultural nonpoint source P losses. How to decrease the agricultural nonpoint source P loss from the catchment scale is a key controlling P concentration in the Changjiang River and its mouth. The point source industrial waste P discharge has been primarily treated in the river catchment, but the residential sewage P discharge needs further control. 相似文献
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Skoulikidis NT 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2008,10(7):842-852
Although the majority of rivers and streams in the Mediterranean area are temporary, no particular attention is being paid for such systems in the Water Framework Directive (WFD). A typical temporal Mediterranean river, draining an intensively cultivated basin, was assessed for its chemical status. Elevated concentrations of nitrates and salts in river water as well as nutrients and heavy metals in river sediments have been attributed to agricultural land uses and practices and point sources of organic pollution. A scheme for the classification of the river's chemical status (within the ecological quality classification procedure) was applied by combining pollution parameters in groups according to related pressures. In light of the temporal hydrological regime and anthropogenic impacts, sediment chemical quality elements were considered, in addition to hydrochemical ones. Despite the extensive agricultural activities in the basin, the majority of the sites examined showed a good quality and only three of them were classified as moderate. For the classification of the chemical quality of temporary water bodies, there is a need to develop ecologically relevant salinity and sediment quality standards. 相似文献
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This study reports the concentration levels and distribution pattern of the persistent organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in the water and bed-sediments of the Gomti River collected seasonally over a period of 2 years. The water and bed-sediment samples were collected from eight different sites and analyzed for aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, HCH isomers, DDT isomers/metabolites, endosulfan isomers (alpha and beta), endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and its metabolites, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane and methoxychlor. In the river water and sediments SigmaOCPs residues ranged between 2.16 and 567.49 ng l(-1) and 0.92 and 813.59 ng g(-1), respectively. The results, further, suggested that source of DDT contamination is from the aged and weathered agricultural soils with signature of recently used DDT in the river catchments. To assess any adverse effect of OCPs contamination on river's biological component, the threshold effect level (TEL) was used. The results revealed that bed-sediments of the Gomti River are contaminated with lindane, endrin, heptachlor epoxides and DDT, particularly at site-4 and may contribute to sediment toxicity in the freshwater ecosystem of the river. 相似文献
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We propose a modelling framework for the design of a Pigouvian effluent tax, in an environmental management problem implicating
several economic agents located in a river basin. The proposed charging system allows for the agents' geographical position
relative to the river's sections, at which environmental standards are to be enforced, and takes into account the possible
different market structures within which the agents are operating. In particular, we consider industrial agents competing
on an oligopolistic market, and a set of farmers acting as price takers on a large market. A regional authority's goal is
to induce agents to some sort of cooperation which would result in the satisfaction of the common environmental constraints.
The economic process on one side, and the pollution transport and accumulation on the other, constitute two dynamic processes
in two different time scales. As the economic process is much slower than the other process we can neglect the latter's transients
and concentrate on the time invariant steady state solutions to the transportation equation. The model thus constructed has
some noncooperative game and optimal control problem's features with space being the ‘running’ variable.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Biological monitoring of a pulp and paper mill wastewater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The physico-chemical testing required under the E.P.A. licence enables one to gauge the chemical effects of the APM wastewater on the Latrobe River, but it tells us nothing about likely effects on the aquatic biota. The APM bio-monitoring programme was instigated to provide evidence of any effects of wastewater discharges on the rivers biota. To date the programme has shown no adverse impact downstream. The laboratory bioassays on fish and algae have recently given way to the river fauna surveys as the regular monitor of wastewater quality. It is intended to continue with regular river surveys using the river's residents as indicators of water quality and future surveys will investigate reasons for the presently obscure variation in macro-invertebrate populations. 相似文献
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Zhang H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):429-434
The Huangpu River supplies eighty percent of daily water used for life and industry for about 20 million people in Shanghai,
China. Industry and human sewerage from the metropolis is mainly released into the Huangpu River, which flows past the Shanghai
city area. The pollution caused by city life and production in the Huangpu River has occurred for years. In this paper, the
contents of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg), total organic carbon (TOC), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
in the Huangpu River are discussed. Data from environmental monitoring from 1991 to 2002 are compared to understand the variation
and trends of the pollution. Results indicate that metals have been reduced efficiently, but organic pollutants develop in
aggravating trend as human sewage increase. The variation of the organic pollutant concentration, which are lower than other
similar river's of China, US, and Canada, in the Huangpu River suggests that the organic pollution maybe a problem of water
quality evolvement in metropolis river protection, which should be accentuated in the world today. 相似文献
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Roubeix V Fauvelle V Tison-Rosebery J Mazzella N Coste M Delmas F 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(6):1655-1663
The Leyre River is the main tributary to the Bassin d'Arcachon lagoon. Herbicides belonging to the chloroacetanilide class have been found in the river (S-metolachlor and acetochlor) as well as some of their metabolites at higher concentrations. As the environmental toxicity of these molecules is not well known, ecotoxicological tests have been carried out on river periphyton at different levels of biological diversity: from the clone of one diatom species (Nitzschia nana) to the population of the same species (several clones) up to the multi-specific species community dominated by diatoms. Moreover, tests were performed on diatoms coming from an unpolluted upstream site and from a contaminated downstream site, in order to investigate possible tolerance acquisition to pollutants. The method consisted in measuring diatom growth inhibition at different doses of each substance from the increase of chlorophyll-a concentration after 4 days. It resulted that acetochlor was clearly more toxic than S-metolachlor at all levels of biological diversity. EC(50) values estimated from the tests suggest no effect of contaminants on diatom growth or biomass in the river. The toxicity of the metabolites appeared very low compared to that of their parent compounds. No difference in tolerance to the herbicides was demonstrated between summer diatom communities from the two sites in spite of different specific compositions. However, concerning the populations of N. nana isolated in winter following the highest herbicide concentrations in the river (about 0.5 μg L(-1)), the downstream population showed a higher tolerance to acetochlor but there was no co-tolerance to S-metolachlor. Thus, it appeared that acetochlor represents the highest toxic pressure on periphyton among the other contaminants in the Leyre River. 相似文献
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Vikas Varekar Subhankar Karmakar Ramakar Jha N. C. Ghosh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2015,187(6):376
The design of a water quality monitoring network (WQMN) is a complicated decision-making process because each sampling involves high installation, operational, and maintenance costs. Therefore, data with the highest information content should be collected. The effect of seasonal variation in point and diffuse pollution loadings on river water quality may have a significant impact on the optimal selection of sampling locations, but this possible effect has never been addressed in the evaluation and design of monitoring networks. The present study proposes a systematic approach for siting an optimal number and location of river water quality sampling stations based on seasonal or monsoonal variations in both point and diffuse pollution loadings. The proposed approach conceptualizes water quality monitoring as a two-stage process; the first stage of which is to consider all potential water quality sampling sites, selected based on the existing guidelines or frameworks, and the locations of both point and diffuse pollution sources. The monitoring at all sampling sites thus identified should be continued for an adequate period of time to account for the effect of the monsoon season. In the second stage, the monitoring network is then designed separately for monsoon and non-monsoon periods by optimizing the number and locations of sampling sites, using a modified Sanders approach. The impacts of human interventions on the design of the sampling net are quantified geospatially by estimating diffuse pollution loads and verified with land use map. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, the Kali River basin in the western Uttar Pradesh state of India was selected as a study area. The final design suggests consequential pre- and post-monsoonal changes in the location and priority of water quality monitoring stations based on the seasonal variation of point and diffuse pollution loadings. 相似文献