PODE掺混比对电控共轨柴油机排放特性的影响

为了降低柴油机排放、提高热效率,将体积分数为10%、20%、30%和70%的聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)掺混于柴油中制得PODE/柴油混合燃料,标记为P10、P20、P30和P70,在一台四缸增压中冷电控共轨柴油机上开展了PODE掺混比对混合燃料燃油经济性与排放特性的试验,并采用热重分析仪研究了混合燃料的蒸发性能。结果表明:随PODE掺混比增加混合燃料的初始失重温度、终止失重温度和峰值失重温度均向低温区域偏移,峰值失重率增大;随PODE掺混比增加,柴油机的排气温度降低,有效热效率显著提升,混合燃料的HC、CO和烟度排放逐渐降低,而NOx排放有所增加;在ESC试验循环下P30的HC、CO和PM排放量较柴油分别降低了25%、16%和51%,均低于国V排放限值,且CO2排放量也明显减小。     

燃煤电厂掺烧市政污泥工程大气污染分析

市政污泥与燃煤掺混在电厂锅炉内焚烧,实现污泥无害化、减量化、资源化处置是较好的方式。利用电厂做过功、不经处理无法直接利用的低品质蒸汽为热源,对污泥进行间接干化,干化后的污泥在燃煤锅炉内进行焚烧处理。污泥掺烧比率的增大会对大气污染物排放浓度产生一定的影响。在7.35%的污泥掺烧率内,随着污泥掺烧率的增大,SO2的排放浓度变化不大,NOx的排放浓度逐渐降低,烟粉尘的排放量有增大趋势,但是最终的排放浓度均在排放限值内。污泥与燃煤掺烧,重金属排放浓度并无较大改变,符合排放标准。     

杭州在用工业锅炉改造运行能效状况分析

本文对200台煤改气、煤改生物质工业锅炉进行了能效测试,从排烟温度、过量空气系数、炉渣含碳量、炉体外表面温度、CO含量及锅炉热效率方面对结果进行了分析。结果表明:燃煤工业锅炉改造基本完毕;锅炉平均排烟温度为181.9℃,总体趋稳;过量空气系数超标严重,仍有80%超标;炉渣含碳量略有下降;炉体外表面温度平均值为45.1℃,保温措施一般;燃煤/生物质锅炉平均热效率为75.71%,燃油/气锅炉为88.16%,热效率基本持平;燃煤/生物质锅炉漏风严重,影响热效率提高;总体负荷率偏低,燃煤/生物质锅炉平均只有50%。     

南京铁路地区2010-2014年锅炉大气污染物排放统计分析

本文通过对2010-2014年度我站日常锅炉监测资料统计分析,给出了南京铁路地区锅炉大气污染物排放浓度、排放速率、排放总量的变化趋势。通过淘汰燃煤锅炉,铁路南京地区锅炉大气污染物排放大幅度下降。2014年与改造前的2012年相比,烟尘排放浓度下降了71.59%,排放量下降了91.35%;氮氧化物排放浓度下降了13.33%,变化不大,由于烟气排量的大幅降低,排放量下降了79.51%;二氧化硫未检出。     

燃生物质小型锅炉凸显节能减排优势

我国燃煤小型锅炉,包括燃煤工业锅炉、生活锅炉,每年排放大量大气污染物,其排放总量仅次于电站锅炉。由于量大面广、低空排放,对城市空气质量的影响高于电站锅炉,尤其在冬季采暧期间对北方城镇的空气质量影响极大。     

燃煤锅炉深度脱硫脱氮技术

新国家排放标准的实施对燃煤锅炉二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放提出了严格的要求,目前单一的减排技术只能满足部分燃煤锅炉的排放要求。本文综述了国内外现有的脱硫和脱氮技术,提出了燃煤锅炉深度脱硫脱氮需考虑多种技术相结合,并针对不同容量和燃烧方式的锅炉推荐了合适的深度脱硫脱氮技术,可为燃煤锅炉污染物排放达到新国标提供技术参考。     

燃煤锅炉改变燃料及燃烧方式出现的问题与对策

本文对随州地区多台燃煤锅炉改变燃料及燃烧方式进行调研,发现燃料及燃烧方式的改变造成锅炉严重磨损、腐蚀、侧烧、过烧及炉膛结构,废渣排放、烟气流向、受热布置等不适应燃料燃烧要求的现象。分析了一起因改变燃料（稻壳）及燃烧方式（悬浮燃烧）发生上锅筒撕开爆炸事故,同时对日常检验过程中发现的”改烧”锅炉检验案例进行了分析,提出了改变燃料及燃烧方式锅炉运行可靠性的对策措施,最后展望了生物质用于锅炉燃料的良好前景。     

对工业锅炉能效测试的分析探讨

本文通过对24例工业锅炉简单能效测试结果的分析,探讨燃煤和燃气工业锅炉各项损失的影响因素,并提出降低排烟温度和寻求最佳运行过量空气系数是提高锅炉热效率的关键工作。本文所测工业锅炉效率合格比例不足三成,可见工业锅炉节能减排存在很大的潜力,需全面普及能效测试工作、积极推广工业锅炉的节能措施,最终实现锅炉安全、稳定、经济运行。     

全预混铸铝冷凝锅炉的优缺点及规范和标准现状

全预混铸铝冷凝锅炉以其能效高、污染物排放少成为欧美地区中小型采暖锅炉的主导产品,但并未受到国内锅炉行业的重视。本文在污染物杂排放、热效率和材料性能三方面,对比分析了全预混铸铝冷凝锅炉和大气式铸铁锅炉,得出全预混铸铝冷凝锅炉性能更加优越。并简要介绍了欧洲地区现行的中小型燃气采暖炉标准。     

生物质成型燃料质量现状及对锅炉大气污染物排放影响分析

生物质成型燃料在锅炉上得到了广泛的应用。生物质成型燃料的质量对锅炉的环保有较大的影响。本文通过对深圳市工业锅炉使用的780个生物质成型燃料的质量进行检测,并对其对应使用的锅炉进行大气污染物排放的测试,得出生物质成型燃料的质量现状,并对表征其质量的几项主要指标对生物质成型燃料锅炉对应的大气污染物排放的影响进行了分析。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.