扬州市土地利用变化的驱动力机制研究

基于扬州市1996—2004各年份土地利用数据及相关统计资料。分析了8年中土地变化的特点及主要驱动力因子，结果表明：①8年来全市主要土地利用类型的变化表现出耕地、园地的面积大幅下降，建设用地的面积普遍增长；②选择11项指标构建土地利用变化驱动力模型，采用“主成分分析法”及SPSS13．0统计软件。分析得出：影响该市土地利用变化的主要驱动力因子是人口和经济的增长；③运用Eviews 3．1软件对土地利用变化中经济因素的驱动作用做回归分析得出：全市GDP每增长1亿元，需要新增建设用地约15．36hm^2．减少耕地约17．53hm^2；城镇化水平每增加1个百分点．需要减少耕地面积389．3hm^2，同时扩展城镇用地266．17hm^2。     

典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及对水质的影响--以太湖上游浙江西苕溪流域为例

利用1985、1995和20D0年的TM数据及水质资料，运用GIS和水质指数法研究西苔溪流域的土地利用／覆被变化及其水环境效应。结果表明：流域内耕地不断减少，建设用地持续扩大，林地前期减少后期缓慢增加；林地和耕地是流域内的主要土地利用类型，二者面积之和占流域面积的比例在三个时段均在92％以上；空间集中性及斑块碎化是土地利用空间格局变化的主要表现，建设用地斑块数量增多且斑块面积明显增大，饼地面积减少但斑块数量增多。研究时段内流域水质在时间上呈逐步恶化趋势，在空间上则表现为自上游至下游逐渐下降，其中，1996-2000年，研究河段内水质指数下降幅度达30％左右；只治理点污染源仅使水质指数增加6．5％左右，表明影响水质的主要因素是土地利用变化导致的面源污染。     

高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化与驱动因素分析——以苏州市为例

分析高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化以及驱动因素，可为优化区域未来的土地利用结构、促进土地资源的保护和高效利用提供科学依据。采用1998～2008年苏州市土地利用变更调查数据，运用土地利用数量变化、程度变化和空间变化等指标测算模型分析土地利用演化规律。结果表明：1998～2008年，苏州市耕地面积显著减少，农业结构调整明显；居民点及独立工矿用地面积急剧增加，与耕地减少呈显著负相关；土地利用程度综合指数逐年提升；苏州全域耕地、园地、城市用地相对变化率最大的均为昆山市，建制镇和独立工矿用地相对变化率最大的分别是张家港市和吴江市；利用主成分分析法对影响土地利用结构演化的人文因素进行了分析，得出驱动因素主要为：人口增长、经济发展、工业化和城镇化水平。走集约型城市化道路，实现“效率型”土地利用模式，注重社会、经济、生态效益相结合是今后土地利用努力的方向     

深圳市土地利用变化驱动力系统分析

以深圳市土地利用变化的驱动力系统为例，用灰色关联方法确定影响土地利用变化的驱动因子并判别其最大驱动力，结果表明：深圳城市建设用地面积变化与外资利用额的关联系数最大，达到0.8491，其次为基础建设投资颧、第三产业产值、工业总产值及总人口数量；耕地、林地、荒地、水域面积变化则与城市化率的关联系数最大。以1991-1999年间的建设用地面积作为灰色系统特征数据序列，选取与其关联系数最大的五个驱动因子序列数据作为相关因素数据系列，建立CM（1，6）模型，结果表明：该模型的计算值和实际值的相对误差最大为11.11％，最小为-0.25％，平均相对误差也只有3.41％；检验结果表明，2000-2004年的模拟值与检验值的平均相对误差仅为3.74％，模拟精度较高，因而可以利用该模型预测深圳市建设用地的增长规模。     

川东平行岭谷区土地利用变化时空分异特征

川东平行岭谷地区生态地位十分重要，研究其土地利用变化及其影响因素具有重要的意义。利用1986、2000和2007年的Landsat TM影像，辅以10 m分辨率的SPOT影像和野外调查，结合土地利用程度、土地利用效应指数探讨了平行岭谷地区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局和变化轨迹及其相应的生态效应。结果表明，研究区土地利用格局受地形空间分异明显控制；1986~2007年，土地利用变化总体特征是建设用地、水体增加，耕地减少，耕地 耕地 建设用地变化迹线占1986~2007年建设用地变化量的6647%，建设用地的增加主要以2000年后的耕地转入为主；邻近主城所在地的岭谷条带土地利用程度指数增加快于相隔较远的其它各区；总的说来，土地利用效应的增加和强化大于恢复和减少。研究区土地利用变化的因素可归纳为主城区的通道效应、岭谷区交通线的节点效应和河流廊道引起的土地利用变化。进一步的研究应揭示平行岭谷地区通道驱动效应和低山阻隔效应综合作用下土地利用演变过程和景观生态多样性的维持机制，模拟通道驱动效应与生态安全双重约束下的土地利用优化格局     

三峡库区土地利用变化与影响因子分析

利用1995、2000和2005年的Landsat TM遥感数据解译结果分析了三峡库区的土地利用格局，三峡库区建设用地总量上升，各类建设用地的增长率不一致，库区水面在增加；运用单一土地利用动态度分析了相关地类的变化速度和分布，各地类的动态度与变化速度存在空间上的差异；采用景观生态学的方法分析了土地利用变化的景观特征，景观的多样性在增加，而景观的破碎度有一个先减小后增加的趋势，同时景观优势度的变化不大，耕地景观的优势逐渐被多样性景观特征所替代。然后采用典型相关分析的方法，计算典型载荷，找出各典型变量在分析过程中的作用，借此分析了土地利用变化与社会经济影响因子之间的关系。     

青藏高原东缘典型流域生态系统#br# 服务的地形梯度效应#br# ——以岷江上游为例

山地生态系统受地形因素影响在垂向上呈现出明显的空间分异特征，厘清山地生态系统服务的空间分异特征是区域土地利用和生态系统管理的基础。以青藏高原东缘典型流域岷江上游为研究区，将2000、2005、2010年土地利用数据及DEM数据作为数据源，运用地形位指数、相对变化率和敏感性系数，研究土地利用变化下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应。结果表明：（1）岷江上游土地利用类型以林地和草地为主，约占总面积的60%和30%；2000～2010年，1~4级地形位上除未利用地外的其他土地利用类型分布指数变化较为明显，林地和耕地不断降低，草地、水域和建设用地不断升高。（2 ）研究期内岷江上游生态系统服务价值总量和各类型生态系统服务的价值随地形位的升高均呈倒V形变化；2000～2010年，研究区1~12级地形位上生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势，13~20级地形位上呈减小 趋势。（3）2000～2010年，各地形位上生态系统服务价值变化趋势与研究区一致；除1级地形位上生态系统服务价值变化幅度略高于研究区外，2~20级地形位上的变化幅度与研究区基本一致。（4）研究 区各土地利用类型的单位面积生态系统服务价值敏感性系数均小于1，单位面积生态系统服务价值的变化缺乏弹性，研究结果可信；2000～2010年各地形位上水域、草地和荒漠敏感性系数不断上升，林地 和耕地敏感性系数不断下降。通过对土地利用变化驱动下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应进行定量测度，明晰了生态系统服务价值随地形梯度变化所呈现的空间分异规律及其变化特征，为保护区域 生态系统，合理利用土地资源提供理论依据。 关键词： 土地利用；生态系统服务；地形位指数；地形梯度；岷江上游；青藏高原东缘     

洞庭湖区土地利用变化对地表产流的影响分析

利用20世纪80年代末期和90年代末期获取的陆地资源卫星图像,通过GIS分析方法,对洞庭湖区近10年的土地利用／覆盖变化进行了统计分析。并以1996年7月日降雨资料分别计算了1989年和1999年土地利用状况下区域的产水量。结果表明：洞庭湖区10年间土地利用变化的主要趋势是耕地面积减少和建设用地、水域面积的增加。土地利用的主要转化方式有水田转化为建设用地、水田转化为水域、林地转化为建设用地以及旱地转化为建设用地。同样的降雨条件下,洞庭湖区1999年下垫面状况下的产水量比1989年多206×105 m3,建设用地面积的增加是这一时期产水量增加的主要原因。土地利用的变化影响汛期产水量和汇流速度,加强洪泛区的土地管理,合理控制调整土地利用状况是减轻洪涝灾害威胁的有效手段。     

汉江流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应模拟研究

针对流域LUCC驱动因子众多、驱动因子与土地利用/覆被变化之间存在复杂的非线性动态关系的特点，以汉江上游流域LUCC模拟为例，构建基于人工神经网络（ANN）与元胞自动机（CA）的模拟土地利用/覆被变化的CA ANN耦合模型，并应用该模型预测汉江上游流域2020s年代的LUCC变化情景。结果表明：2020s汉江黄家港站上游流域水田、旱地、灌木林与建设用地面积均有不同程度的增加，其中建设用地增幅最大，与区域交通和城市化的迅猛发展趋势相符；除建设用地增幅变化较大之外，1980s～2000s与2000s～2020s两个时期其余土地利用/覆盖类型的面积变化率都比较相近，表明CA ANN耦合模型能够刻画土地利用/覆盖类型的转换规律，在流域土地利用/覆被变化的复杂非线性动态演变情景的模拟预测方面是可行的。在此基础上，应用SWAT分布式水文模型模拟汉江上游流域水文过程。研究结果表明：在1980s年代、2000s年代及预测的2020s年代LUCC情景下，汉江上游流域年平均径流量呈增加趋势，LUCC对径流量年内影响较汛期显著，多年平均蒸散发量呈增加趋势     

武汉城市圈土地利用碳排放效应分析及因素分解研究

土地低碳利用对减少土地利用碳排放，发展低碳经济，建设“两型社会”具有重要作用。以武汉城市圈为研究对象，估算了武汉城市圈1996～2010年土地利用碳排放量，分析了城市圈1996～2010年土地利用碳排放效应，利用LMDI模型对影响城市圈土地利用碳排放的因素进行了分解。研究表明：（1）1996～2010年武汉城市圈土地利用碳排放量由1996年的95282万t上升到2010年的4 55035万t，年均增长1182%，且上升幅度越来越大；（2）武汉城市圈居民点及工矿用地碳排放强度最大，耕地最小，不同土地利用方式碳排放强度及变化幅度存在一定差异；（3）城市圈各城市土地利用碳排放存在时空差异，时间上表现为碳排放增长速度和幅度的差异，空间上表现为各城市单元碳排放量的差异；（4）土地利用变化、经济发展水平提高、人口规模增加对城市圈土地利用碳排放存在正效应，能源效率提高和能源结构优化存在负效应     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.