薄壁钢桁架-轻骨料混凝土叠合板火灾后受力性能试验研究

由薄壁钢桁架和轻骨料混凝土构成的新型叠合板具有轻质、高强和施工便捷等优点,可广泛用于住宅钢结构楼盖及各种施工平台等,因此对该叠合板的受力性能及火灾行为的研究具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。对受火后的5块叠合板试件开展了火灾后受力性能试验研究与分析。结果表明,当叠合板遭受600℃的烃类火灾作用后,仍具有较强的变形能力,当火灾后继续承载的两边简支叠合板累积位移达到L/58时,叠合板试件仍未发生整体坍塌。结果还显示,轻骨料混凝土预制板类型及相应的抗剪键分布形式对于该叠合板的火灾后整体刚度及承载能力均产生显著影响,且本试验所采用的Ⅰ型预制板及相应的抗剪键分布优于Ⅱ型预制板及相应的抗剪键分布。所给出的叠合板跨中挠度计算公式引入了组合效应系数,该系数可以综合反映混凝土板与钢桁架梁的组合效应,且所表征的受力特征与试验结果完全一致。     

三跨钢-混凝土叠合梁施工技术

介绍沪宁铁路线上三跨钢-混凝土叠合梁施工,包括钢梁拼装及吊装,桥面铺装底模的施工技术     

底面受火预应力混凝土空心板耐火性能的有限元分析

在试验研究的基础上,为进一步认识高温下预应力混凝土空心板的耐火性能,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了恒载升温条件下预制空心板的非线性有限元模型,对高温下预应力混凝土空心板的温度场进行数值模拟,有限元分析得到的预应力混凝土空心板孔洞内和板面的温度场分布与实测结果基本吻合;基于有限元分析得到的预应力混凝土空心板温度场分布结果,采用顺序耦合的方法对恒载升温条件下的预应力混凝土空心板进行了非线性热-力耦合分析,分析得到的位移—时间曲线与试验结果变化趋势一致。提出的有限元模型能较准确地预测预应力混凝土空心板火灾下的性能,有限元分析结果对进一步认识预应力混凝土空心板的耐火性能具有一定的指导意义。     

钢框架侧板加强型梁柱节点滞回性能研究

提出一种改进型侧板加强型梁柱节点,加强板由矩形柱侧板和直角梯形梁侧板组成,以现有的梁端翼缘侧板加强型节点试验为基础,运用有限元软件ABAQUS对11个不同细部尺寸的改进型侧板加强型节点进行循环加载作用下的模拟分析。研究结果表明,采用上下两块小矩形柱侧板加强的节点模型在循环加载作用下并未出现加强板末端梁截面的屈曲变形,但该截面的应力集中有所减小,塑性变形仍集中在节点域柱腹板上;将上下两块小矩形柱侧板更换为一整块柱侧板后,其承载能力大幅提高,且塑性变形集中在梁侧板加强末端的梁翼缘和腹板上,而节点域处于弹性工作状态,说明该种节点形式可以更好地满足"强节点弱构件"的抗震设计思想;建议柱侧板两端各伸出柱翼缘表面50mm,柱侧板的高度与钢梁截面高度相同,柱侧板厚度取6mm,梁侧板宽度边缘与柱翼缘边缘平齐,端部三角形部分长宽比可取为1∶2~1∶3,梁侧板矩形部分长度可与三角形部分长度相同,或稍大于三角形部分长度。     

火灾下钢管混凝土柱与钢梁外伸端板连接的力学性能

为了研究钢管混凝土框架梁柱半刚性连接的抗火性能,利用ABAQUS软件进行了火灾作用下钢管混凝土柱与钢梁外伸端板连接节点的热力耦合性能的数值模拟。确定了高温下钢材和核心混凝土的材料本构关系模型,建立了考虑楼板影响的钢管混凝土框架外伸端板连接节点的有限元计算模型,对三面受火和外荷载共同作用下节点的受力全过程进行了分析。详细分析了荷载比、螺栓预紧力、防火保护层厚度、材料特性、构件几何尺寸等参数对节点耐火极限的影响。结果表明,荷载比、螺栓预紧力、防火保护层厚度和钢梁截面高度对组合节点耐火极限的影响较显著。该研究结果将为火灾下半刚性钢管混凝土框架的设计理论提供科学依据。     

混凝土叠合箱网梁楼盖火灾中破坏形态的试验研究北大核心CSCD

混凝土叠合箱网梁楼盖是一种由预制"叠合箱"和后浇肋梁连接而成的梁板合一的新型箱形截面密肋空心楼盖,根据楼盖上方是否有现浇层,可分为明箱和暗箱两种形式。本文对两种形式的叠合箱网梁楼盖在火灾作用下的破坏形态进行了试验研究。结果表明:1明箱形式的叠合箱网梁楼盖在火灾作用下很快被烧穿,楼盖失去防火隔断能力,但仍具有较高的承载能力,能够承受作用在楼盖上的荷载;2暗箱形式叠合箱底板混凝土在火灾中很快产生爆裂脱落,楼盖表面由于现浇混凝土层的存在没有出现烧穿现象;3叠合箱底板混凝土爆裂后,楼盖结构形式变成井字梁结构;4楼盖在火灾中产生的变形较小。     

混凝土叠合箱网梁楼盖火灾中破坏形态的试验研究

混凝土叠合箱网梁楼盖是一种由预制"叠合箱"和后浇肋梁连接而成的梁板合一的新型箱形截面密肋空心楼盖,根据楼盖上方是否有现浇层,可分为明箱和暗箱两种形式。本文对两种形式的叠合箱网梁楼盖在火灾作用下的破坏形态进行了试验研究。结果表明:1明箱形式的叠合箱网梁楼盖在火灾作用下很快被烧穿,楼盖失去防火隔断能力,但仍具有较高的承载能力,能够承受作用在楼盖上的荷载;2暗箱形式叠合箱底板混凝土在火灾中很快产生爆裂脱落,楼盖表面由于现浇混凝土层的存在没有出现烧穿现象;3叠合箱底板混凝土爆裂后,楼盖结构形式变成井字梁结构;4楼盖在火灾中产生的变形较小。     

桩靴贯入与拔出引起的邻近桩附加及残余荷载分析∗

自升式钻井船桩靴贯入与拔出土层后会导致周围土体发生不可恢复的大变形,从而使邻近平台桩基础受到附加荷载作用。目前,对于钻井船插拔桩引起的附加荷载少有分析,且没有较成熟的计算方法。为此,建议了一种分析钻井船插拔桩附加荷载的方法。该方法首先通过耦合欧拉?拉格朗日(CEL)大变形有限元算法计算出桩靴贯入与拔出土层时邻近桩的水平位移;然后依据计算出的桩身水平位移,利用正交函数最小二乘法确定桩身位移分布函数,进而依据主动桩的 p―y 关系曲线及梁的弯曲理论确定出桩身受到的附加荷载;最后利用非线性地基梁模型,分析附加荷载作用下的桩身内力响应。通过对软粘土中钻井船插拔桩离心模型试验的数值仿真模拟,验证了这种分析附加及残余荷载方法的可行性。     

双层板桁钢梁应力分析

以跨度最大的双层斜拉桥闵浦大桥为背景,研究了双层板桁钢梁桥面板的受力特性,阐述了精细壳单元与梁单元结合的整体有限元模型,并分析了上、下桥面间腹杆的受力特性与桥面板的应力分布特性;采用桥面纵横梁间带U肋精细桥面模型,分析了桥面板和U肋在车辆荷载作用下的应力分布.研究表明,上、下层桥面横桥向应力小于纵桥向应力,并且横桥向应...     

不同构造的圆钢管混凝土柱-H钢梁环板节点抗连续性倒塌性能分析

使用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,模拟了中柱失效工况下圆钢管混凝土柱-H钢梁外环板式节点的连续性倒塌全过程,并认为环板、钢梁以及节点核心区三部分的构造变化会对节点连续性倒塌造成很大的影响。结果表明:节点环板外伸尺寸影响塑性铰的形成位置,但改变环板外伸尺寸对连续性倒塌性能提升不明显,故此在设计中选用哪种环板应充分考虑结构、工艺以及经济方面的需要。钢梁的构造影响着连续性倒塌工程中悬链线效应的发挥,抗连续性倒塌设计中建议使用扩翼式节点,不建议使用翼缘削弱式节点,而腹板开孔式节点可以在净空高度不够的情况下使用。节点核心区的构造方式会影响梁柱连接处焊缝的脆性破坏,设计时建议采用腋板加强式节点。对现有建筑进行抗倒塌加固时,建议焊接水平加劲肋或明牛腿,该方法可以大幅提升已有结构的抗连续性倒塌性能。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.