国家级生态示范区阆中市森林生态效益评估

森林生态效益是一种间接的经济利益。本文通过水土保持，水源涵养，减免旱涝灾害，环境保护等各方面的效益评估。将阆中市森林生态效益用货币体现，科学直观地反映了阆中森林生态工程的经济价值。     

森林:大自然为您效劳

<正>不少国家都在着手研究森林的间接效益:芬兰的森林一年生产木材的价值仅为8.69亿欧元,而森林在环境中的间接效益所产生的价值则为27亿欧元。我国对云南省的森林效益进行过测算,结果是森林的生态效益占总效益价值的94%,直接效益仅占6%。爱护森林,不然我们就是杀鸡取卵。     

金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法，分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性，并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。     

生态补偿使福建碧水长流

福建省日前决定,从今年起开始实施江河下游地区对上游地区的森林生态效益补偿制度。有关专家认为,区域性生态补偿机制的实施,有望进一步调动上游地区保护生态的积极性,使森林质量稳步提高,水土流失得到有效遏制,生态环境脆弱地段的森林植被逐步恢复。     

冶金矿山废弃地的生态恢复

根据实地调查结果，具体分析了冶金矿山废弃地的特点，讨论了恢复工作的步骤。探讨了具体利用先进技术进行冶金矿山废弃地恢复的方法，可为我国冶金矿山进行生态恢复工作提供参考。     

低温雪灾后莽山保护区森林植被恢复遥感评价

以2008年1月的低温雪灾为背景,选择反映植被长势的植被覆盖度为研究对象,以受人类活动干扰最少、最能体现植被自然恢复的莽山保护区为研究区,以像元二分模型为基础,通过计算样区植被遥感直方图的拐点来确定NDYI(soil)和NDVI(veg),通过植被覆盖的变化情况来衡量低温雨雪后森林植被的恢复状况,并对不同地形条件下、不同林龄和树种的森林植被恢复情况进行了分析,以期为整个莽山乃至南方受灾地区的受灾程度评价提供方法支持,为灾后重建决策提供数据参考.     

森林植被在生态环境建设中的作用

本文对森林植被在生态环境建设中的作用进行了分折,指出森林植被建设是生态环境建设的重点,建议加快我因森林植被的建设与恢复,改善生态环境。     

辽宁省县域土地利用综合效益及其差异研究

以辽宁省44个县域为研究对象,选取涉及土地利用的经济、社会、生态效益等15个指标构建土地利用综合效益测算指标体系,应用均方差法确定指标权重,运用多因素综合模型对2011年辽宁省县域土地利用综合效益进行测算研究。研究结果表明:辽宁省县域土地利用综合效益普遍较低,处于中等及以下水平;县域土地利用的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和综合效益均存在空间分布差异,呈现出辽宁中部和东南沿海县域高于北部、西北部县域的分布特征,土地利用的经济、社会、生态效益在同一个县域内也存在不协调现象,土地利用的生态效益与经济效益的不一致性较明显。     

国家级公益林生态效益价值核算

对国家级公益林生态效益的研究是当前制定森林生态补偿政策方面的一个研究热点。构建了国家级公益林生态效益的评估体系,并运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对国家级公益林的生态效益进行了实物量与价值量评估。结果表明,国家级公益林面积为9.38×1011m2,其生态服务功能的实物量总计为29566.69亿t,提供的生态效益总价值为261179.86亿元,单位面积价值为27.85元/(m2.a)。国家级公益林的生态效益巨大,平衡兼顾其生态效益有助于促进生态保护的协调。     

基于因子与聚类分析的公益林水源涵养效益研究

为了对我国公益林涵养水源的价值进行研究与管理,为森林生态补偿提供依据,运用成本替代法对各省市公益林水源涵养效益进行了核算,收集全国各省市的公益林面积、降雨量、蒸散量和地表径流量等数据,建立了各省市公益林水源涵养价值核算模型.结果表明,依据不同因子将各省市划分为4类,所建立的核算模型具有统计学和经济学意义.该研究为我国公益林生态效益补偿标准的制定提供了依据与借鉴.     

Analysis of Ecological Context for Identifying Vegetation and Animal Conservation Planning Foci: An Example from the Arid South-western USA

In developing conservation strategies, it is important to maximize effects of conservation within a specified land tract and to maximize conservation effects on surrounding area (ecological context). The authors proposed two criteria to select biotic entities for conservation foci: (1) the relative occurrence of fauna or flora in a tract is greater than that of an ecological context region; and (2) occurrence of the fauna or flora is relatively limited in the ecological context region. Using extensive spatial data on vegetation and wildlife habitat distribution, the authors identified strategic vegetation and fauna conservation foci for the 400 000 ha Fort Bliss military reservation in New Mexico and Texas relative to a 164 km radius ecological context region intersecting seven ecological zones and the predicted habitat distribution of 616 animal species. The authors set two specific criteria: (1) predicted area of a species' occurrence is <50% of the ecological context region; and (2) percentage of Fort Bliss intersecting the species' or vegetation community predicted areas in the ecological context region is >5% (Fort Bliss is 4.2% of the region). These criteria selected one vegetation class and 40 animal species. Further, these vegetation and animal foci were primarily located in two areas of Fort Bliss. Sensitivity analyses with other analytical radii corroborated the context radius used. Conservation of the two areas and associated taxa will maximize the contribution of Fort Bliss's conservation efforts in its ecological proximity. This relatively simple but information-rich process represents economical and defensible preliminary contextual analysis for detailed conservation planning.     

北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

生态修复技术在水库水土保持中的应用

水土保持对维持良好的水库水生态环境具有重要的影响.生态修复技术作为一种新的水土保持措施,可实现受损水库生态环境的修复.围绕水库消落带、水库涵养林、库区耕地和水库水环境等方面来研究生态修复技术在水库水土保持中的应用情况.     

Conserving biodiversity that matters: practitioners' perspectives on brownfield development and urban nature conservation in London

Policies designed to conserve sites of nature conservation importance are an important aspect of city planning in the UK. London has led the way in putting in place a spatial hierarchy of sites of nature conservation importance designed to protect wildlife habitats from development. Some wasteland habitats associated with derelict and vacant land receive protection in this way but development pressure on these so-called 'brownfield sites' is high and is likely to continue. This paper examines how conservation professionals in the private, public and voluntary sectors are responding to the threats of biodiversity loss and opportunities for habitat creation posed by re-development of brownfield sites. The study draws on in-depth interviews conducted with conservation professionals and the practices employed by ecological advisers employed by developers seeking to re-develop wasteland sites. It finds that practitioners are negotiating their role in the re-development process in different ways. Key issues relate to the role of ecological science in codifying wasteland habitats, uncertainties about how best to evaluate the conservation importance of such sites and the strategies and tactics employed by different practitioners as they seek to mobilise a range of knowledges and practices to secure ecologically sensitive proposals. Scientific knowledge about wasteland habitats has not stabilised in ways that can consistently inform conservation policy and practice. As a result biodiversity issues of wasteland sites are often discounted in the re-development process. Investment in studies of the basic ecology of urban wastelands could provide a firmer scientific foundation on which conservation policies could build. At the same time, many conservation professionals involved in urban re-development are struggling to promote a pro-active approach to secure environmentally sensitive development. The knowledge and co-operation networks being mobilised to support this approach are fluid and unstable, and favourable development outcomes as yet are few. Formalising these networks to achieve more effective engagements with developers and the construction industry could consolidate ecological practices designed to conserve and re-create the biodiversity of wasteland habitats.     

生态保护的基础、关键及重点

生态保护的基础是生态监测与生态调查，生态保护的关键则是生态系统健康评价，生态系统健康评价因素有组织、结构、活力、恢复力、系统对相邻系统的影响、投入、对人类健康的影响等，其类型有健康、较健康、亚健康、不健康、患病五级；其相应的生态恢复为生态预防、自然恢复、生态修复、生态重建；其相应的生态工程有建立自然保护区、封育、补播与放流、人工林、人工草场、人工湿地等。     

From conflict to collaboration: Atewa Forest governance

The problem of forest degradation and loss has become the concern of many countries. To address this challenge, some collaborate in sustainable forest management. The most successful outcomes, however, are observed where local participation is an essential part of conservation efforts. In Ghana, forests have experienced various degrees of exploitation over the years, resulting in their ecological decline. Despite its designation as a protected area for biodiversity and ecosystem services, the Atewa Range Forest Reserve in Ghana has been significantly impacted by deforestation, illegal mining, and other destructive activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine ecologically based management approaches that could be adopted to generate beneficial outcomes for all forest stakeholders and actors in Ghana. The study sampled forest stakeholders in Kwabeng, the administrative capital of the Atewa West District, to understand forest governance challenges and outline strategies for overcoming them. The study revealed that a bottom-up all-inclusive approach to managing forest resources is necessary. This paper, therefore, proposes an integrated forest governance that prioritizes the UN Sustainable Development Goal 15—Life on Land-related to forest preservation.     

秦皇岛开发区生态现状与保护措施

秦皇岛市开发区受开发活动的影响,植被面积和生物多样性减少,生态系统服务功能价值下降,水土流失增加。基于秦皇岛开发区生态保护现状,从敏感生态系统建设、城区绿化、城市综合生态功能廊道、生态补偿、水土保持等方面,加强开发区生态保护,构建和谐生态,实现人与自然的协调发展。     

岷江上游生态环境建设与经济可持续发展

岷江上游生态环境问题严重,森林破坏、植被生态功能退化、水土流失、生物多样性减少。在上游地区应加强退耕还林还草,建立生态型持续农业系统和生态文明示范区,调整产业结构,提高群众的综合素质,走可持续发展道路。     

脱贫攻坚视角下森林生态产品供给有效路径选择——基于黑龙江省的实证分析

以黑龙江省为例,在脱贫攻坚视角下,选取林业产业总产值、造林面积、林业固定资产投资完成额、林业系统年末从业人数、林业产业结构比例5个有关森林生态产品供给效率的测算指标,通过DEA模型对黑龙江省2001—2017年森林生态产品供给效率进行测算,并运用Tobit模型对该效率的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)黑龙江省森林生态产品供给效率的综合效率总体良好。(2)森林生态产品供给效率的综合效率与规模效率密切相关。(3)林业旅游与休闲服务收入比重和林业生态建设实际到位金额与供给效率显著正相关,而火灾次数与供给效率显著负相关。     

Indicators Assessment for Habitat Conservation Plan of Yolo County, California, USA

/ Whereas habitat conservation plans (HCPs) have been intended to provide comprehensive environmental mitigation for multiple species, they often narrow in focus to one species and either one mitigation site or unspecified sites. We developed an indicators framework from which to rate land units for their ecological integrity, collateral values (nonbiological qualities that can improve conservation), and restoration and conservation opportunities. The ratings of land units were guided by the tenets of conservation biology and principles of landscape and ecosystem ecology, and they were made using existing physical and floral information managed on a GIS. As an example of how the indicators approach can be used for HCPs, the 29 legally rare species targeted by the Yolo County HCP were each associated with vegetation complexes and agricultural crops, the maps of which were used for rating some of the landscape indices. The ratings were mapped so that mitigation can be directed to the places on the landscape where the legally rare species should benefit most from conservation practices. The most highly rated land units for conservation opportunity occurred along streams and sloughs, especially where they emerged from the foothills and entered the Central Valley and where the two largest creeks intersected the Sacramento River flood basin. We recommend that priority be given to mitigation or conservation at the most highly rated land units. The indices were easy to measure and can be used with other tools to monitor the mitigation success. The indicators framework can be applied to other large-area planning efforts with some modifications.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem; Indicators; Landscape; Mitigation; Planning; Yolo County; California