开展职业培训服务发展大局

再生资源行业职业技能培训鉴定适应循环经济的要求，对提高从业人员素质、规范行业管理，促进再生资源产业发展具有重要作用。应充分利用行业协会平台，不断推进培训鉴定工作，全面提高再生资源行业的员工素质。     

职业技能培训是合理利用再生资源的必要条件

当前,全国正在落实科学发展观,大力发展循环经济,建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会.再生资源回收利用作为循环经济的重要一环和环保产业的重要组成部分,受到了全社会的空前重视.再生资源行业,如果要在党和国家新规划的战略目标中有新贡献,从业人员的职业技能培训工作是十分重要的.通过培训,不仅要提高他们回收与加工的技能素质,更要增强他们自觉地遵纪守法,诚实守信,执行行业规范的高尚情操;增强为生产发展服务,为社会节约、社会和谐和安全服务的事业心和责任感.只有这样,在实际工作中,才能实现充分回收合理利用.     

中国再生金属市场现状与前景——访中华全国供销合作总社再生资源管理办公室主任 中国再生资源开发有限公司董事长 中国再生资源回收利用协会会长管爱国

胡锦涛总书记在“十七大报告”中指出：“建设生态文明，基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式。循环经济形成较大规模，可再生能源比重显著上升。”国内外舆论普遍认为，总书记在党的报告首次提出生态文明的概念，这是一个非常重要的信息，将对今后的经济建设和社会发展产生巨大影响。 发展循环经济，提高再生能源的利用，是建设生态文明的两项主要内容。国家发改委等六部委在制定发展循环经济试点方案中，将再生金属行业列为发展循环经济的重点领域，说明再生金属与循环经济有着密切的联系。为此，本刊副主编王曦东专程采访了中华全国供销合作总社再生资源管理办公室主任、中国再生资源开发有限公司董事长、中国再生资源回收利用协会会长管爱国，请他就中国再生金属市场的现状及前景等问题进行了解答。     

天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站

中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站（供销024号站）是全国再生资源行业特有工种（废旧物资回收挑选工、废旧物资加工工）职业技能培训鉴定的专门机构，至今已对全国二十多个省市的近万名再生资源行业从业人员进行了职业技能培训鉴定，受到了普遍欢迎。     

天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站

中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站（供销024号站）是全国再生资源行业特有工种（废旧物资回收挑选工、废旧物资加工工）职业技能培训鉴定的专门机构，至今已对全国二十多个省市的近万名再生资源行业从业人员进行了职业技能培训鉴定，受到了普遍欢迎。     

再生资源行业的创新优化发展

我国再生资源行业发展从最初的资源综合利用,发展为"减量化、再利用、资源化"的循环经济模式,再到实现生态文明与绿色发展,再生资源行业在社会大循环中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在再生资源回收利用已成为大力推进生态文明建设重要内容的新形势下,着眼于这项工作更好地服务于经济与社会又好又快发展,提出了行业目前存在的突出问题以及解决问题的对策建议,推动产业的创新升级,提升再生资源行业的盈利能力和核心竞争力,实现再生资源行业可持续发展。     

长沙市再生资源回收体系建设分析及建议

再生资源的回收利用作为循环经济的重要组成部分,已成为当今的朝阳产业,它是实现人类社会可持续发展的必由之路。在分析长沙市再生资源回收体系建设取得成绩和存在问题的基础上,提出8项政策建议,为推进长沙市再生资源回收体系建设,起到积极作用。     

天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站

中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站（供销024号站）是全国再生资源行业特有工种（废旧物资回收挑选工、废旧物资加工工）职业技能培训鉴定的专门机构，至今已对全国20多个省市的1万多名再生资源行业从业人员进行了职业技能培训鉴定，受到了普遍欢迎。     

天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站

中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所职业技能鉴定站（供销024号站）是全国再生资源行业特有工种（废旧物资回收挑选工、废旧物资加工工）职业技能培训鉴定的专门机构，至今已对全国20多个省市的2万多名再生资源行业从业人员进行了职业技能培训鉴定，受到了普遍欢迎。     

中华全国供销合作总社办公厅关于开展供销合作社再生资源回收利用基本情况调查的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市及新疆生产建设兵团供销合作社：再生资源回收利用是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，实现绿色、低碳、可持续发展的重要内容和途径，已被国家列为发展循环经济的重点产业和战略性新兴产业。同时，再生资源回收利用也是供销合作社传统经营业务，是“新网工程”建设的重要内容。为全面了解近年来系统发展情况，准确掌握信息数据，进一步争取政策支持，促进行业健康发展，现决定对全系统再生资源回收利用基本情况进行一次调查（表式附后）。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.