Nematode communities in contaminated river sediments

Nematode communities of eight sites from three river catchments were investigated in terms of the genera composition, feeding types, and life-history strategists. The sampling sites showed a gradient of anthropogenic contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants being important factors in differentiating the sites. Nematode community structure was related to sediment pollution and the hydro-morphological structure of the sampling sites. Heavily contaminated sites were characterized by communities with high relative abundances of omnivorous and predacious nematodes (Tobrilus, c-p 3; Mononchus, c-p 4), while sites with low to medium contamination were dominated by bacterivorous nematodes (Monhystera, Daptonema; c-p 2) or suction feeders (Dorylaimus, c-p 4). The relatively high Maturity Index values in the heavily polluted sites were surprising. Nematodes turned out to be a suitable organism group for monitoring sediment quality, with generic composition being the most accurate indicator for assessing differences in nematode community structure.     

Biodegradation of nonylphenol in river sediment

We investigated the biodegradation of nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol (NP) by aerobic microbes in sediment samples collected at four sites along the Erren River in southern Taiwan. Aerobic degradation rate constants (k1) and half-lives (t1/2) for NP (2 microg g(-1)) ranged from 0.007 to 0.051 day(-1) and 13.6 to 99.0 days, respectively; for NP1EO (2 microg g(-1)) the ranges were 0.006 to 0.010 day(-1) and 69.3 to 115.5 days. Aerobic degradation rates for NP and NP1EO were enhanced by shaking and increased temperature, and delayed by the addition of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and NaCl, as well as by reduced levels of ammonium, phosphate, and sulfate. Of the microorganism strains isolated from the sediment samples, we found that strain JC1 (identified as Pseudomonas sp.) expressed the best biodegrading ability. Also noted was the presence of 4'-amino-acetophenone, an intermediate product resulting from the aerobic degradation of NP by Pseudomonas sp.     

Biodegradation of phenanthrene in river sediment

The aerobic biodegradation potential of phenanthrene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH]) in river sediment was investigated in the laboratory. Biodegradation rate constants (k1) and half-lives (t1/2) for phenanthrene (5 microg/g) in sediment samples collected at five sites along the Keelung River in densely populated northern Taiwan ranged from 0.12 to 1.13 l/day and 0.61 to 5.78 day, respectively. Higher biodegradation rate constants were noted in the absence of sediment. Two of the sediment samples were capable of biodegrading phenanthrene at initial concentrations 5-100 microg/g; lower biodegradation rates occurred at higher concentrations. Optimal biodegradation conditions were determined as 30 degreesC and pH 7.0. Biodegradation was not significantly influenced by the addition of such carbon sources as acetate, pyruvate, and yeast extract, but was significantly influenced by the addition of ammonium, sulfate, and phosphate. Results show that anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene biodegradation was enhanced by the presence of phenanthrene, but that phenanthrene treatment did not induce benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation during a 12-day incubation period.     

城市污水排江工程模型试验的研究

对城市污水排江问题进行了模拟试验,通过对水力模型不同试验工况中改变喷嘴个数、射流速度、射流角度和上升管间距条件下的试验结果分析,结合武汉市污水排江工程问题,确定了黄浦路、平湖门尾水排放中的近区多喷口形式的最佳工程参数,实践证明效果良好。     

Organic pollutants in the Odra river ecosystem

The paper presents the results of the analysis of water and bottom sediment samples from different locations along the Odra river, collected during eight campaigns in the years 1997-2000. All the basic organic pollutants were determined. Pollution of water with PCBs was negligible while with PAHs was not critical. Concentrations of volatile organochlorine compounds in water were the highest in Brzeg Dolny and its surroundings. Concentrations of tetrachloroethene were exceptionally high in the Szczecin Lagoon. The Odra sediments were non-polluted or only slightly polluted with PCBs, pesticides and different classes of volatile organic pollutants. However, PAHs were present in rather large concentrations, especially in the upper course of the Odra river. The data obtained contributed to the evaluation of pollutants discharges to the Baltic sea via Szczecin Lagoon as well as to the characterization of pollution sources (point sources and area sources) in the Odra catchment area.     

A wood preservative metabolite in river water

- A previously unknown pollutant in river water was identified to be 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) by interpretation and simulation of its GC/LRMS spectrum. Further GC/HRMS measurement of the isotope composition of the molecular ion verified this structure. 2-MBT is a well-known agent for corrosion inhibition and a stable metabolite of several other benzothiazoles. The present 2-MBT trace was most probably a metabolite of the wood preservative TCMTB which leaked from an upstream sawmill. The metabolite had been detected earlier in urine of the sawmill workers, but now was identified in the recipient water environment for the first time.     

Fate of selected pharmaceuticals in river waters

The aqueous environmental fate of two antibiotics, lincomycin and clarithromycin, and an antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine, was investigated by monitoring drugs decomposition and identifying intermediates in Po river water (North Italy). Initially, control experiments in the dark and under illumination were performed on river water spiked with drugs to simulate all possible transformation processes occurring in the aquatic system. Under illumination, these pharmaceuticals were degraded and transformed into numerous organic intermediate compounds. Several species were formed and characterised by analysing MS and MS ⁿ spectra and by comparison with parent molecule fragmentation pathways. River water was sampled at three sampling points in an urban area. The selected pharmaceuticals were detected in all samples. Eight transformation products identified in the laboratory simulation were found in natural river water from carbamazepine degradation, three from clarithromycin and two from lincomycin. Their transformation occurring in aquatic system mainly involved mono- and poly-hydroxylation followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl groups.     

硬质河岸和水体富营养化河道的综合治理技术:以柴桑河为例

将富营养水体治理与硬质河岸改造相结合,能够提高水体与河岸的交互能力,恢复河流生态系统的自净能力.以位于四川省天府新区眉山片区中心城区的柴桑河河段(长度1.5km,宽度80～100m,水深约1.85m)为例,通过铺设护岸专用基料、设置滴灌系统和播撒花草种子对硬质河岸进行生态重建,通过向水体中施用除磷剂、微生物菌剂及采用生态浮床、水车增氧等措施,降低了水体中的氮磷含量,利用太阳能为整个处理系统供能,实现了硬质河岸和富营养水体的综合治理.项目实施后,通过半年的监测和观察,结果表明:柴桑河水体中总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和总氮(TN)含量明显降低,TP和NH3-N由劣V类提升至地表水Ⅲ类,CODMn由劣V类提升至地表水Ⅳ类,TN由劣V类提升至地表水V类;河道内鱼类、藻类、水草的多样性增加,硬质河岸完全被植被覆盖,植物种类达数十种,自然景观恢复,河流生态自净功能显著增强,有利于使水体保持健康稳定.     

河流重金属污染底泥的稳定化实验研究

以实现河道疏浚底泥中富含的重金属Cu、Zn、Ni的稳定化为目标,选用EDTA、DTCR、Na_2S、Na_2S_2O_3、膨润土、水泥及自主研发的特殊胶凝材料作为稳定剂,对底泥中的重金属进行固化稳定,通过分析稳定后重金属浸出液浓度及赋存形态变化,探讨各药剂稳定效果,并寻求稳定剂的最佳投加量。研究表明,7种稳定剂对3种重金属的综合稳定化效果由好到差依次为:水泥胶凝材料膨润土DTCR硫化钠硫代硫酸钠EDTA;对Cu、Zn、Ni单种重金属而言,稳定效果最好的药剂分别为膨润土、胶凝材料及DTCR,而EDTA则使重金属浸出液浓度升高。除EDTA外,其他药剂对重金属Cu和Zn的稳定效果要明显优于Ni。根据稳定后重金属赋存形态变化结果,EDTA可使重金属可交换态比例升高,而膨润土对重金属4种形态分布基本无影响,其他药剂使重金属可交换态比例降低。     

水泥潜入河道底泥对重金属镉的拦截作用

基于水泥可潜入河道淤积基质,并可在基质内堆积和凝聚的机理,通过室内土柱积水入渗实验,揭示水泥潜入河床基质阻塞基质孔隙,削减地面水中污染物进入地下水的作用与规律。结果表明,水泥潜入河床基质,对砂壤土质河道淤泥含镉污水中重金属镉累积运移量有抑制作用,且抑制效果显著;水泥潜入砂壤土质河道淤泥对含镉污水中重金属镉浓度也有一定程度的减少作用,减少程度相对明显。该结果可以为抑制河道污染物通过地表向地下水迁移提供技术支撑,同时,为地下水环境污染治理工程选择有效、省时、低成本措施提供理论依据。     

本源微生物菌剂修复城市污染河流

通过丰湖河投菌过程中和总投菌后两周的各水质指标分析,对本源微生物菌剂作用城市重污染河流过程进行了探讨和研究。结果表明,在2010年11月20日全河布菌后,以COD下降后上升的情况作为补菌时间的判断依据,实现菌种效力最大化。继2010年11月25日、27日和30日3次补菌后上游至下游硐桥、久泰桥和益民水闸处COD的去除率分别达到52.7%、68.8%和61.6%,氨氮和总磷有所去除。水色由深灰绿色转变为深绿色,浮油减少,臭味明显消除。表明此法在冬季水温较低的天然河流条件下,不需大型设备便可较快修复水质,具有较好的经济环境效益。     

A nitrogen budget of the Changjiang river catchment

Based on 1997-1998 field investigations in the Changjiang river mouth, rain sampling from the river's upper reaches to the mouth, historical data, and relevant literature, the various sources of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in the Changjiang river catchment and N transport in the Changjiang river mouth were estimated. The export fluxes of various form of N were mainly controlled by the river runoff, and the export fluxes of NO3-N, DIN and TN in 1998 (an especially heavy flood year) were 1438 10(3) tonnes (t) yr(-1) or 795.1 kg km(-2) yr(-1), 1746 10(3) t yr(-1) or 965.4 kg km(-2) yr(-1) and 2849 10(3) t yr(-1) or 1575.3 kg km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The TN and DIN in the Changjiang river came mainly from precipitation, agricultural nonpoint sources, N lost from fertilizer and soil, and point sources of industrial waste and residential sewage discharge, which were about 56.2% and 62.3%, 15.4% and 18.5%, 17.1% and 14.4%, respectively, of the N outflow at the Changjiang river mouth; maximum transport being in the middle reaches.     

Pharmaceuticals in the river Elbe and its tributaries

Medicinal drugs were found to be ubiquitous in the river Elbe, its tributary the river Saale and in other tributaries at their points of entry into the Elbe. The distribution of concentration peaks along the investigated river stretches provides an indication that they are mainly due to the emission of treated waste water from municipal sewage treatment works. This leads to the conclusion that medicinal substances can be regarded as faecal indicators for water pollution caused by human activity. The main substances found in the Elbe in 1998 were diclofenac, ibuprofen and carbamazepine as well as various antibiotics and lipid regulators in the concentration range of <20-140 ng/l. The more thorough investigations carried out in 1999 and 2000 show that in addition to the drugs (phenazone, isopropyl-phenazone and paracetamol) metabolite concentrations contributed significantly to the total concentration of pharmaceuticals in the Elbe. The metamizole metabolites N-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine (AAA) and N-formyl-4-aminoantipyrine (FAA) were found in concentrations from <20 to 939 ng/l. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed a high correlation in respect of the distribution of persistent substances. The metoprolol distribution throughout the Saale demonstrated that the tributaries cause either an increase (Weisse Elster, Unstrut, Ilm) or a reduction (Wipper, Bode) in the concentration, depending on the respective load of waste water. Wide scale sampling in Saxony during 2002 showed the ubiquitous occurrence of carbamazepine in surface waters. The ecotoxicological effects of this contamination cannot be assessed at present. This is due to the fact that no legal framework in respect of these medicinal drugs for human consumption has been established and therefore little research and no risk assessment has been carried out. Therefore it is urgently necessary to include at least the quantitatively most significant substances in the new assessment concept of the EC White Paper.     

Predicting EDC concentrations in a river mixing zone

The fate and transport of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in ambient river waters is a major concern associated with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the spatial distribution of EDCs in a river mixing zone. The core of the technical analysis is based on a two-dimensional steady-state analytical model characterized by ambient turbulence in the receiving water. This model was first calibrated with mass transport data from field measurements for a conservative substance (electrical conductivity) and then used to predict aqueous-phase EDC concentrations throughout a WWTP mixing zone. To demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for water quality management purposes, the modeling framework presented in this paper was used to determine a lumped in-stream attenuation rate constant (k_d = 3 d⁻¹) for 17β-estradiol under natural conditions. This rate constant likely accounts for the combined contributions of physical sorption, photolysis, microbial and chemical degradation, and the measured value is highly consistent with previously published results from bench-scale removal experiments.     

Desorption kinetics for selected PCB congeners from river sediments

Desorption of PCBs from sediment can significantly affect the ultimate fate and effects of PCBs in aquatic systems. Using a gas purging technique to strip soluble and sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from solutions and sediment suspensions, Henry's law constants, approach to equilibrium, and desorption rate constants for four PCB congeners were measured. Henry's law constants were on the order of 10⁻⁴ m³ atm mole⁻¹. Desorption rate constants measured for a predominantly kaolinitic, low-organic carbon sediment were on the order of 0.03–0.1 days⁻¹. In contrast, desorption rate constants measured for a sediment composed of montmorillonite with a 3% organic carbon content were on the order of 0.009–0.04 days⁻¹. Desorption data suggest that equilibration times for PCBs with low chlorine content are on the order of six weeks, and months to years for PCBs with a significantly higher chlorine content.     

暗渠段对城市河流水环境的影响

河道暗渠化是影响城市建成区河流黑臭水体治理的重要因素,为探究河道暗渠化对城市河流水环境的影响,以深圳市龙华区观澜河流域主要支流暗渠为研究对象,通过现场勘查并结合暗渠段水质分析,探讨了暗渠段主要环境问题,并分析了暗渠对河流水质的影响。结果表明:暗渠段对城市河流水质的影响是显著的,主要污染物为氨氮和总磷;污染最为严重的塘水围氨氮的平均值为22.29 mg·L~(-1),为重度黑臭水体氨氮标准(15 mg·L~(-1))的1.49倍,而其氧化还原电位的平均值为-154 mV,远低于轻度黑臭水体标准(50 mV),其中最低值为-190 mV,接近于重度黑臭水体的标准值(-200 mV)。在明渠-暗渠-明渠分布的空间格局中,暗渠内淤泥的大量累积、垃圾的清理不及时、污水排口的封堵不彻底等是造成暗渠段水质恶化的主要原因。在工程解决措施上,应结合区域城市发展规划,遵循"定位、揭盖、加窗、联涵、疏泥"十字方针,通过顶层覆盖物拆除或开窗、挡墙拆除或加固、污水收集与处理、淤泥与垃圾的清除等工程措施实现暗渠段污染的消除。以上研究结果可为城市河流黑臭水体治理和河流暗渠环境综合整治提供参考。