湍流环形通道热泳脱除可吸入颗粒物技术研究

湍流中PM 2.5粒子的热泳沉积是国际上研究热门课题.但目前单纯热泳沉积效率也不过20%左右.依据热泳基本原理,设计了一种新型湍流方环形双壁冷却式通道.计算表明,该类型通道比一般单管通道有着较高的可吸入颗粒物脱除效率.同时,利用湍流的沉积效率,加上热泳沉积效率,可以达到较高的总泳沉积效率.通过结构设计,可以提高可吸入颗粒物的脱除效率,是值得进一步探索的新路子.     

电化学方法脱除烟道气中二氧化硫的研究

运用电化学方法脱除二氧化硫是一种较为清洁的脱硫方式，本文主要研究了电化学脱硫过程中，电解溴化氢以及溴氧化二氧化硫的各种影响因素，并通过优化获得了较高的电解效率９０％和脱硫效率９０％～９５％     

微通道湍流促进器强化平板MBR的CFD数值模拟

采用CFD中的Standard k-ε湍流模型模拟微通道湍流促进器在平板膜生物反应器中的5种不同放置位置及其6种不同形状对膜生物反应器流体动力学性能的影响,通过定性和定量分析附加微通道湍流促进器后平板膜生物反应器中的流体速度、静压、湍流动能、湍流耗散率和剪切力性能指标的变化。从模拟结果可得出,附加微通道湍流促进器的平板膜生物反应器的流体动力学性能要优于无湍流促进器的流体动力学性能,且梯形微通道湍流促进器双面平行放置于平板膜生物反应器时增加流体速度、湍流动能和剪切力且湍流耗散率和静压增加幅度较小,并在微通道湍流促进器附近有涡的产生,从而有效抑制膜表面滤饼层的形成,减缓浓差极化和减轻膜污染。     

凹凸棒石粘土脱硫剂脱除硫化氢实验研究

采用凹凸棒石脱硫剂在常温常压下脱除高浓度硫化氢(H2S),研究了凹凸棒石含量、活性组分含量和焙烧温度等因素在脱除H 2S中对脱硫效率和硫容量的影响.实验结果表明,以凹凸棒石为主原料、添加20%～30%(质量分数)的活性组分后,对高浓度低流速的H2S具有较高的脱除效率和较大的硫容量.     

铁离子液相催化氧化协同脱硫脱硝

在铁法脱硫的基础上,利用Fe(Ⅲ)离子可以催化氧化NO_x与SO_2溶于液相中形成的S(IV)化合物发生反应的特性,在鼓泡反应器中进行了铁离子液相催化氧化协同脱除烟气中SO_2和NO_x的实验研究,考察了吸收液pH值、温度、烟气中SO_2和NO_x的浓度比等因素对SO_2和NO_x脱除效率的影响。结果表明:实验条件下影响因素的改变并未对SO_2脱除效率产生影响,其脱除效率一直维持在95%以上;对NO_x的脱除效率影响较大,吸收液pH值在3.0左右时,NO_x脱除效率最高,其脱除率可达62%;温度和烟气中SO_2和NO_x的浓度比的增大都会在一定程度上提高NO_x的脱除效率。仅当吸收液温度增大到50℃以后,溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)离子水解生成絮凝状沉淀时,NO_x的脱除效率开始下降;另外,SO_2和NO_x的浓度比大于2.3∶1时,即可满足NO_x脱除的需要。     

助剂(C_2H_4、NH_3)添加对AC/DC流光放电等离子体脱硝效果的影响

等离子体法脱硝被认为是一种非常环保有效的脱硝技术,为了探究等离子体对NO_x的作用过程,选用AC/DC流光放电等离子体及模拟烟气,考察了烟气流量和NO初始浓度、添加剂的种类与含量以及SO_2对等离子体脱硝的影响。结果表明:NO的脱除过程由氧化过程和还原过程同时作用,在同一功率下,NO_x脱除率随流量的增加而降低,NO初始浓度对NO_x脱除率无直接影响。氨的添加可以促进NO_x的还原脱除,乙烯的添加可以促进NO氧化转化为NO_2。烟气中SO_2存在会导致NO_x脱除效率降低,此时氨助剂的加入可以显著提高NO_x脱除率。当NH3∶SO_2=2∶1时,在15 W下SO_2脱除率可达100%,NO_x脱除率60%。     

电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫工艺脱除多污染物的效果研究

为考察电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线对多污染物的脱除能力,以某燃煤电厂已实施超低排放的660 MW机组配套的电袋复合除尘器和湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,对其进出口烟气中的烟尘、微细烟尘(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1)、Hg、SO_2、SO_3浓度进行测试,进而通过计算得出电袋复合除尘器及湿法脱硫塔对相应污染物的脱除效率。结果表明:在正常工况条件下,电袋复合除尘器对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率高达99%以上,湿法脱硫对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率均为40%左右;电袋复合除尘器对颗粒Hg的脱除效率达99.72%,对气态Hg的脱除效率为75.58%,湿法脱硫塔对气态Hg的脱除效率为57.24%;电袋复合除尘器对SO3的脱除效率达82.35%,湿法脱硫塔对SO_3的脱除效率为40.00%。电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线可脱除99%以上的烟尘及微细烟尘,对总Hg的脱除效率为90.11%,对SO_3的脱除效率为89.41%,是一种可行的多污染物减排工艺路线。     

温湿电场对PM2.5及SO3的脱除性能

为深入研究温湿电场对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除性能,采用实验室研究、工程调研或实测相结合的手段,系统分析了湿式电除尘器(WESP)对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除规律,尤其是高SO_3浓度对湿式电除尘器性能的影响及其应对措施。实验研究发现:电源电压分别为35、45、55 kV时,湿式电除尘器对总尘、PM_(2.5)和SO_3的脱除效率分别为60.8%、75.2%、82.4%,53.7%、67.1%、76.8%和43.4%、58.6%、72.7%;随着电压的增加,各粒径段颗粒的分级脱除效率均有明显提升,但0.1～1μm提升最为明显;鉴于烟尘的吸附及SO_3的调质作用,烟尘和SO_3两者有一定的相互促进脱除作用,但SO_3浓度过高,容易在放电极线周围形成高密度的空间电荷,导致电晕电流降低,除尘效率下降;针对高浓度的SO_3,采用降温方式,可有效提高湿电场的烟尘及SO_3脱除性能。工程实测发现:单独使用湿式电除尘器或是与其他相关技术耦合应用,均对烟尘及SO_3有较高的脱除效率;湿式电除尘器对烟尘及SO_3脱除效率分别为63.5%～88.3%、65.1%～71.9%,与湿法脱硫耦合使用,效率分别达82.1%、86.1%,与相变凝聚器(PCA)耦合使用,效率分别达92.3%、90.1%。上述研究可为湿式电除尘器的宽范围、多场合应用提供参考。     

曝气速率对附加微通道湍流促进器SMBR流体动力学性能的影响

从CFD数值模拟和PIV实验两方面研究5种不同曝气速率对附加微通道湍流促进器的浸没式平板膜生物反应器中的流体动力学性能的影响,对膜面上液相流速和剪切力随曝气速率的变化进行了分析。从CFD模拟结果与PIV实验结果均可得出,曝气速率为0.5 m/s时附加微通道湍流促进器的浸没式平板膜生物反应器的流体动力学性能要优于其他曝气率下的流体动力学性能,且速度和膜面剪切力平均偏差率分别为7.49%和14.19%。PIV实验验证了CFD模拟过程中模型和边界条件的合理性。这也表明当曝气与微通道湍流促进器结合在一起,更易于在微通道湍流促进器附近产生旋涡和加强流体的湍流程度,从而有效抑制膜表面滤饼层的形成,减缓浓差极化和减轻膜污染。     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术，研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度，超声辐照时间，含油污泥预热温度，清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响，认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175 V，辐照时间15 min，预热温度55 ℃，清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8∶1）下，超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0.35 g/g降低到0.14 g/g，同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算，处理1 t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明，使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率，明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

Numerical study of the effect of ventilation pattern on coarse, fine, and very fine particulate matter removal in partitioned indoor environment

An indoor size-dependent particulate matter (PM) transport approach is developed to investigate coarse PM (PM10), fine PM (PM2.5), and very fine PM (PM1) removal behaviors in a ventilated partitioned indoor environment. The approach adopts the Eulerian large eddy simulation of turbulent flow and the Lagrangian particle trajectory tracking to solve the continuous airflow phase and the discrete particle phase, respectively. Model verification, including sensitivity tests of grid resolution and particle numbers, is conducted by comparison with the full-size experiments conducted previously. Good agreement with the measured mass concentrations is found. Numerical scenario simulations of the effect of ventilation patterns on PM removal are performed by using three common ventilation patterns (piston displacement, mixing, and cross-flow displacement ventilation) with a measured indoor PM10 profile in the Taipei metropolis as the initial condition. The temporal variations of suspended PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations and particle removal mechanisms are discussed. The simulated results show that for all the of the three ventilation patterns, PM2.5 and PM1 are much more difficult to remove than PM10. From the purpose of health protection for indoor occupants, it is not enough to only use the PM10 level as the indoor PM index. Indoor PM2.5 and PM1 levels should be also considered. Cross-flow displacement ventilation is more effective to remove all PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 than the other ventilation patterns. Displacement ventilation would result in more escaped particles and less deposited particles than mixing ventilation.     

Evaluating the performance of a turbulent wet scrubber for scrubbing particulate matter

A turbulent wet scrubber was designed and developed to scrub particulate matter (PM) at micrometer and submicrometer levels from the effluent gas stream of an industrial coal furnace. Experiments were conducted to estimate the particle removal efficiency of the turbulent scrubber with different gas flow rates and liquid heads above the nozzle. Particles larger than 1 µm were removed very efficiently, at nearly 100%, depending upon the flow rate, the concentration of the dust-laden air stream, and the water level in the reservoir. Particles smaller than 1 µm were also removed to a greater extent at higher gas flow rates and for greater liquid heads. Pressure-drop studies were also carried out to estimate the energy consumed by the scrubber for the entire range of particle sizes distributed in the carrier gas. A maximum pressure drop of 217 mm H₂O was observed for a liquid head of 36 cm and a gas flow rate of 7 m³/min. The number of transfer units (NTU) analysis for the efficiencies achieved by the turbulent scrubber over the range of particles also reveals that the contacting power achieved by the scrubber is better except for smaller particles. The turbulent scrubber is more competent for scrubbing particulate matter, in particular PM_2.5, than other higher energy or conventional scrubbers, and is comparable to other wet scrubbers of its kind for the amount of energy spent.

Implications: The evaluation of the turbulent scrubber is done to add a novel scrubber in the list of wet scrubbers for industrial applications, yet simple in design, easy to operate, with better compactness, and with high efficiencies at lower energy consumption. Hence the turbulent scrubber can be used to combat particulate from industrial gaseous effluents and also has a scope to absorb gaseous pollutants if the gases are soluble in the medium used for particles capture.     

A comprehensive particulate matter monitoring system and dosimetry-based ambient particulate matter standards

A numerical particulate matter (PM) measurement model is developed to characterize and evaluate PM sampling methods. Simulations are conducted using the model to evaluate currently widely used PM samplers, including Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers. The simulations show that current PM samplers are very vulnerable to both changes in measurement target (i.e., natural variability of particle size distribution) and the sampler's design, manufacturing, and operating conditions, potentially resulting in significant errors in the monitoring data. The numerical model is used in conjunction with two types of commercially available PM monitoring devices to form a Comprehensive Particulate Matter Monitoring System (CPMMS). The first type of device can be any mass-based PM monitor with a well-defined sampling efficiency curve. The second type of device is one capable of measuring particle size distribution with a reasonably good relative accuracy between size categories but not necessarily accurate in measuring absolute mass concentrations. This study shows that CPMMS can produce much higher quality PM monitoring data than the current PM samplers under the same conditions. In addition, unlike past and current PM monitoring data such as total suspended particulates, coarse PM (PM10), fine PM (PM2.5), etc., the CPMMS monitoring data will survive changes in PM regulatory definition. A new concept, dosimetry-based PM metrics and standards, is proposed to define ambient PM level based on the deposition fraction of particles in the human respiratory tract. The dosimetry-based PM metrics is more meaningful because it correlates the ambient PM level with the portion that can be deposited in the respiratory tract without an arbitrary cutoff particle diameter. CPMMS makes dosimetry-based PM metrics and standards feasible.     

Designing Optimal Strategies to Attain the New U.S. Particulate Matter Standards: Some Initial Concepts

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes that a fundamental principle for designing optimal strategies to attain new U.S. particulate matter (PM) standards be minimization of community and susceptible group exposure to, and inhaled dosage of, ambient PM. Properly done, such minimization maximizes human health risk reduction. To illustrate implementation of such a principle, an initial prototype model, PM Exposure (PMEX), is described that calculates PM exposure and inhaled dosage as figures-of-merit for control strategy optimization. The model accounts for age-occupation and susceptible group activity patterns, indoor-outdoor concentration differences, and geographical location. Modeling results are presented for a hypothetical example, apportioning inhaled dosage among different classes of sources, under alternative assumptions about the relative potency of different PM species categories. The results, while preliminary, demonstrate that conclusions about source class contribution based on inhaled dosage can be appreciably different than those based on ambient air measurements or emission inventories.     

Computer simulations of particle deposition in the developing human lung

An age-dependent theoretical model has been developed to predict PM dosimetry in children's lungs. Computer codes have been written that describe the dimensions of individual airways and the geometry of branching airway networks within developing lungs. Breathing parameters have also been formulated as functions of subject age. Our computer simulations suggest that particle size, age, and activity level markedly affect deposition patterns of inhaled air pollutants. For example, the predicted lung deposition fraction is 38% in an adult but is nearly twice as high (73%) in a 7-month-old for 2-micron particles inhaled during heavy breathing. Tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary (or alveolated airways, P) deposition patterns may also be calculated using the model. Due to different clearance processes in the TB and P airways (i.e., mucociliary transport and macrophage action, respectively), the determination of compartmental dose is important for PM risk assessment analyses. Furthermore, the results of such simulations may aid in the setting of regulatory standards for air pollutants, as the data provide a scientific basis for estimating dose delivered to a designated sensitive subpopulation (children).     

Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: A comparison of cyclists and car passengers

Emerging evidence suggests that short episodes of high exposure to air pollution occur while commuting. These events can result in potentially adverse health effects. We present a quantification of the exposure of car passengers and cyclists to particulate matter (PM). We have simultaneously measured concentrations (PNC, PM2.5 and PM10) and ventilatory parameters (minute ventilation (VE), breathing frequency and tidal volume) in three Belgian locations (Brussels, Louvain-la-Neuve and Mol) for 55 persons (38 male and 17 female). Subjects were first driven by car and then cycled along identical routes in a pairwise design. Concentrations and lung deposition of PNC and PM mass were compared between biking trips and car trips.Mean bicycle/car ratios for PNC and PM are close to 1 and rarely significant. The size and magnitude of the differences in concentrations depend on the location which confirms similar inconsistencies reported in literature. On the other hand, the results from this study demonstrate that bicycle/car differences for inhaled quantities and lung deposited dose are large and consistent across locations. These differences are caused by increased VE in cyclists which significantly increases their exposure to traffic exhaust. The VE while riding a bicycle is 4.3 times higher compared to car passengers. This aspect has been ignored or severely underestimated in previous studies. Integrated health risk evaluations of transport modes or cycling policies should therefore use exposure estimates rather than concentrations.     

Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 in urban area of Nanjing,China and the assessment of pulmonary deposition of particle mass

Measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 was carried out at six sites of Nanjing, China in the period of February-May 2001. The pH and conductivity of water-soluble matter of PM10 and PM2.5 were determined, and the samples were analyzed for total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC) and inorganic carbon (IC) of the water-soluble fraction. The distribution of aerosol mass concentration in size was also measured at one site SB by a nine-stage impactor followed to assess the pulmonary deposition of particles in different tracts of the human respiratory system. Compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of the USA, the level of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanjing was much higher. Especially for site SY, the average particle mass concentrations (774.5 micrograms/m3 for PM10 and 481.4 micrograms/m3 for PM2.5) were more than five times the NAAQS standard. At site SB aerosol mass distribution in size had shown the similar characteristics with accumulation (Dp < 1 micron) and coarse (Dp > 1 micron) modes. More than 70% of total suspended particles is of a size that they are deposited in the respiratory tract below trachea, whereas about 22% of the mass is respirable and will reach the alveoli. Water-soluble fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanjing are acidic, and the pH of PM2.5 is lower than that of PM10. OC makes up the majority of TC and accounts for 3-14% of mass concentration of PM10 and/or PM2.5, while IC only accounts for 0.1-0.5% of PM10 and/or PM2.5 mass.     

The Steubenville comprehensive air monitoring program (SCAMP): associations among fine particulate matter, co-pollutants, and meteorological conditions

We determined 24-hr average ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and its ionic and carbonaceous components in Steubenville, OH, between May 2000 and May 2002. We also determined daily average gaseous co-pollutant concentrations, meteorological conditions, and pollen and mold spore counts. Data were analyzed graphically and by linear regression and time series models. Multiple-day episodes of elevated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations often occurred during periods of locally high temperature (especially during summer), high pressure, or low wind speed (especially during winter) and generally ended with the passage of a frontal system. After removing autocorrelation, we observed statistically significant positive associations between concentrations of PM2.5 and concentrations of CO, NOx, and SO2. Associations with NOx and CO exhibited significant seasonal dependencies, with the strongest correlations during fall and winter. NOx, CO, SO2, O3, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were all significant predictors of PM2.5 concentration in a time-series model with external regressors, which successfully accounted for 79% of the variance in log-transformed daily PM2.5 concentrations. Coefficient estimates for NOx and temperature varied significantly by season. The results provide insight that may be useful in the development of future PM2.5 reduction strategies for Steubenville. Additionally, they demonstrate the need for PM epidemiology studies in Steubenville (and elsewhere) to carefully consider the potential confounding effects of gaseous co-pollutants, such as CO and NOx, and their seasonally dependent associations with PM2.5.     

Computer Simulations of Particle Deposition in the Developing Human Lung

ABSTRACT

An age-dependent theoretical model has been developed to predict PM dosimetry in children's lungs. Computer codes have been written that describe the dimensions of individual airways and the geometry of branching airway networks within developing lungs. Breathing parameters have also been formulated as functions of subject age. Our computer simulations suggest that particle size, age, and activity level markedly affect deposition patterns of inhaled air pollutants. For example, the predicted lung deposition fraction is 38% in an adult but is nearly twice as high (73%) in a 7-month-old for 2-um particles inhaled during heavy breathing. Tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary (or alveolated airways, P) deposition patterns may also be calculated using the model. Due to different clearance processes in the TB and P airways (i.e., mucociliary transport and macrophage action, respectively), the determination of compartmental dose is important for PM risk assessment analyses. Furthermore, the results of such simulations may aid in the setting of regulatory standards for air pollutants, as the data provide a scientific basis for estimating dose delivered to a designated sensitive subpopulation (children).