工业废水与河流水体的急性毒性研究

测试并研究了焦化、染料、制药、电镀、造纸、食品加工等不同类型工业废水对生物急性毒性的影响和特性,探索了河流水体急性毒性的污染类型、污染来源及与理化污染指标的相关性,提出了水质的急性毒性评价指标。     

用八种淡水鱼类监测四种污染物的急性毒性

本文采用鲢鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、金鱼、鳊鱼、草鱼、鳙鱼和罗非鱼等八种淡水鱼类为试验生物,研究了丙烯腈、乙腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺等四种污染物对这八种鱼类的急性毒性效应和不同鱼类的敏感性。试验结果表明,丙烯腈、乙腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺对八种鱼的９６ｈＬＣ５０值分别为５６１９６４ｍｇ／Ｌ,３４５４６３４６ｍｇ／Ｌ,１０４０６７８２ｍｇ／Ｌ,６５５１１６１９４ｍｇ／Ｌ,八种鱼类对这些污染物的敏感性基本接近,常用的生物监测试验用鱼（链鱼和鲤鱼）可以较好地代表我国主要的淡水鱼类     

香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼急性毒性试验的研究

用毒理学方法测定香烟烟雾水溶液(water-soluble contents of cigarette smoke,WSCCS)对小草鱼的TLM24,用TLM24的WSCCS对小草鱼进行急性毒性试验并观察鳃丝组织切片,了解WSCCS对小草鱼的急性毒性作用。结果表明,香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼有较强的急性毒性作用,WSCCS对小草鱼的半致死浓度为0.4支/L。急性中毒小草鱼出现跳跃、侧翻、反应迟钝、丧失平衡力及死亡的现象,鳃丝排列不规则,发生弯曲。     

吉林省山地河流毛翅目幼虫的分布及对水质监测和评价的研究

本文报道了吉林省东南部山地主要江河上游毛翅目幼虫的分布状况,计１２科１９属３１种。并结合水质理化监测数据,对浑江六个断面的水质进行综合评价,探讨毛翅目幼虫对水质的指示作用,确定旋刺纹石蚕为弱──强中污带水体的指示生物。     

杀虫剂类POPs动态申报机制研究

通过研究日本、美国、欧盟、联合国环境保护署关于杀虫剂类POPs的申报管理机制,分析我国关于化学品、污染物和固体废物的申报、登记制度,欲建立我国杀虫剂类POPs动态申报机制.我国杀虫剂类POPs动态申报以各级环保部门为管理主体,以杀虫剂类POPs的生产单位和流通机构、各级环保部门、知情群众为申报主体,以杀虫剂类POPs的...     

对《水质急性毒性的测定发光细菌法》的改进和探讨

以国标（GB/T 15441—1995）方法中推荐使用的明亮发光杆菌T₃小种（Photobacterium phosphoreum T₃ spp.）为测试生物.针对《水质 急性毒性的测定 发光细菌法》（GB/T 15441—1995）,从数据处理、参比毒物和测定方法3个角度,对国标方法进行了改进。应用Origin 7.5程序对测试数据进行拟合,并选择出拟合效果较为理想的Sigmoidal函数与国标中使用的线性函数进行了拟合对比。针对国标中使用的剧毒性物质HgCl₂,选择了毒性较低的ZnSO₄ ·7H₂O作为替代参比物,并对2种金属离子的毒性测试数据进行了比较。因为使用的生物毒性测定仪的国标方法要求严格的操作并且步骤繁琐,选择利用酶标仪进行测定,并对2种方法进行了对比研究,验证了酶标仪使用的可行性。     

水样发光细菌急性毒性测试的方式与表征

选取不同类型的环境和污染源水样开展了发光细菌毒性测试,针对不同环境管理目标,探讨了急性毒性定量表征方式。发光细菌急性毒性测试在环境应急监测、水源早期生物预警中,采用绘制毒性预警基线图的方式比较可行。在污染源监督监测中,对于发光抑制率低于60%、无法求出EC50的样品,采用等效毒性参照物的质量浓度表征废水的毒性;对于发光抑制率高于60%,采用稀释因子表示样品的毒性更直观可靠。     

Hg2 对卤虫无节幼体(Artemia Salina)的急性毒性

研究了Hg2+对卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性.试验结果表明,卤虫无节幼体在不喂食条件下死亡率对Hg2+的剂量反应关系的离散度较大,相关系数为0.813～0.894,48h-LC50值为0.006～0.016mg/L.在喂食条件下,可降低离散度,相关系数提高至0.918～0.986,死亡率和Hg2+的剂量反应关系可用线性关系描述,24h-LC50值为0.008~0.020mg/L.     

不同时相急性毒性值的相关性及其应用

本文测试了硫氰酸钠、二甲基甲酰胺、乙腈和丙烯腈等四种石油化工废水中常见污染物对１５种水生生物的急性毒性,以考察不同时刻ＬＣ５０之间的相关性。试验结果表明,２４、４８和７２小时的ＬＣ５０（或ＥＣ５０）与９６小时的ＬＣ５０（或ＥＣ５０）之间存在十分密切的相关关系,在特定情况下可以用２４、４８或７２小时的急性毒性试验结果代替９６小时毒性试验结果,比较污染物的毒性大小,进行污染物结构活性分析,完成短期生物监测。     

洞庭湖流域土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留规律研究

2004年5月采集了洞庭湖流域45个土壤样品,用AES萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯笨、滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氟和灭蚁灵.结果表明,六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率为100%,氯丹和灭蚁灵的检出率很低,艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯未检出.总有机氯杀虫剂残留量平均值216.24μg/k,其中滴滴涕214.7μg/kg,占总OCPs的99.3%,且有些土壤样品中w(DDT)/w(DDE DDD)值较大,说明DDTs曾作为湘江流域的主要杀虫剂在洞庭湖流域土壤中广泛施用过,并且近期内仍然有输入.六氯苯的残留量虽然较低,但其施用范围广泛.总OCPs在棉田中的残留量很高,在茶场土壤中最低,表明棉田土壤曾因为各种原因施用过大量的有机氯杀虫剂,茶场土壤中有机氯农药的残存量处于安全范围.     

Spatial Extent of Sediment Toxicity in U.S. Estuaries and Marine Bays

Acute, laboratory toxicity tests were performed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on 1543 surficial sediment samples collected during 1991 through 1997 throughout 25 estuaries and marine bays. Selected areas were sampled along the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific coasts. The toxicity of each sample was determined with 10-day amphipod survival tests performed with solid-phase (bulk) sediments. Collectively, the 1543 samples tested through 1997 represented a total area of approximately 7300 km². Toxicity was observed with the amphipod survival tests in samples that represented approximately 6% of the combined area. Using similar tests conducted on samples collected in different, but overlapping, study areas, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 7% of the combined estuarine area sampled was toxic. Generally, toxicity was most severe in northeastern and southwestern estuaries and least prevalent in southeastern and northwestern areas. However, considerable portions of the Pacific coast have not been tested with the same methods. In tests of CYP1A enzyme induction (n=464), samples were toxic that represented about 5% of the combined study areas. Toxicity was much more widespread, however, when the results of two sub-lethal tests were analyzed. Significant results occurred in samples that represented approximately 25% and 39% of the study areas in tests of sea urchin fertilization (n=1309) and microbial bioluminescence (n=1215), respectively.     

析因试验设计在环境污染物联合毒性研究中的应用

结合当前化学污染物联合毒性评价方法及析因试验应用现状,从试验设汁方法及统计学角度,论证析因试验在研究环境化学污染物联合毒性,特别是在2种化合物联合毒性研究中应用的优势及其可行性。     

Necessity of Toxicity Assessment in Turkish Industrial Discharges (Examples from Metal and Textile Industry Effluents)

Toxicity of some organic and inorganic chemicals to microorganisms is an important consideration in assessingtheir environmental impact against their economic benefits.Microorganisms play an important role in several environmentalprocesses, both natural and engineered. Some organic and inorganics at toxic levels have been detected in industrial discharges resulting in plant upsets and discharge permit violations. In addition to this, even though in some cases the effluent wastewater does not exceed the discharge limits,the results of toxicity tests show potential toxicity. Toxicityknowledge of effluents can benefit treatment plant operators inoptimising plant operation, setting pre-treatment standards, and protecting receiving water quality and in establishing sewer discharge permits to safeguard the plant. In the Turkish regulations only toxicity dilution factor (TDF) with fish is part of the toxicity monitoring program of permissible wastewater discharge. In various countries, laboratory studiesinvolving the use of different organisms and protocol for toxicity assessment was conducted involving a number of discharges.In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of textile and metal industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasize the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications and give anidea whether there is potential toxicity or growth limiting and stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used suchas bacteria (Floc and Coliform bacteria) algae (Chlorella sp.), fish (Lepistes sp.) and protozoan (Vorticella sp.) to represent four tropic levels. The textile industry results showed acute toxicity for at least one organism in 8 out of 23 effluent samples. Acute toxicity for at least two organisms in 7 out of 23 effluent sampling was observed for the metal industry. The toxicity test results were assessed with chemical analyses such as COD, BOD, color and heavy metals. It was observed that the toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in 5 cases for metal and 4 cases for the textile industries. The results clearly showed that the useof bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents.     

固体废弃物浸出毒性特性及美国EPA的实验室测定(待续)

围绕固体废弃物浸出毒性特性这个中心,综述了它在有害废弃物的鉴别和管理,在执行陆地处置限制法规过程中的重要作用。以及在保护水资源、特别是地下水资源方面的重要意义。并简要介绍和评论了美国固体废弃物浸出毒性的实验室测定方法EPT和TCLP。     

固体废弃物浸出毒性特性及美国EPA的实验室测定(续完)

围绕固体废弃物浸出毒性特性这个中心,综述了它在有害废弃物的鉴别和管理,在执行陆地处置限制法规过程中的重要作用。以及在保护水资源,特别是地下水资源方面的重要意义,并简要介绍和评论了美国固体废弃物浸出毒性的实验室测定方法ETP和TCLP。     

非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响

在(25±1)℃水温条件下,通过急性毒性实验,探讨非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响.结果表明,在不加非离子氨时,N0-2N对草鱼种48 hrLC50和96 hrLC50值分别为6.76、5.99mg/L,而当非离子氨达0.8 mg/L,其值分别为3.54、2.41 mg/L.这说明非离子氨增强了NO-2-N对草鱼种的致死效应.     

A Multi-Channel Continuous Water Toxicity Monitoring System: Its Evaluation and Application to Water Discharged from a Power Plant

A multi-channel continuous water toxicity monitoring system was, after confirming the systems' performance, implemented to samples of water discharged from power plants to detect and classify their toxicity using several recombinant bioluminescent bacteria. Each channel of the system is composed of a series of two mini-bioreactors to enable a continuous operation, i.e., without system interruption due to highly toxic samples. A different recombinant bacterial strain was present in each channel: DPD2540 (fabA::lux CDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), which are induced by cell membrane-, DNA-, and protein-damaging agents, respectively. GC2 (lac::luxCDABE) is a constitutive strain, whose bioluminescence is reduced by an increase in cellular toxicity. Phenol and mitomycin C (MMC) were used for evaluating the system's performance to detect toxic chemicals. These samples were injected into the second mini-bioreactor according to a step or bell-curve manner. The field samples used in this study were obtained from the water discharged from two different power plants in Korea – from a nuclear power plant and a thermo-electronic power plant, and were injected into the second mini-bioreactor to initiate the toxicity test. Each channel showed specific bioluminescent (BL) response profiles due to the toxic compounds present in the water samples. Comparing the BL signals between the standard toxic chemical samples and discharged water samples, the equivalent toxicity of the field water could be estimated. Finally, it was proved that this novel continuous toxicity monitoring system can be used as an alternative tool for the quick monitoring and control of water quality, as well as aid in the setting up of a new monitoring strategy to protect the source of tap water and in the prevention of polluted water discharge.     

Relationships Between Toxicity and Concentrations of Chemical Contaminants in Sediments from Sydney Harbour, Australia, and Vicinity

Correlation analyses between measures of toxicity and concentrations of chemical contaminants were conducted for 103 surficial sediments from Sydney Harbour, Australia, and vicinity. Toxicity tests consisted of amphipod survival and reburial tests of whole sediments (Corophium colo), sea urchin fertilisation and larval development tests of pore waters (Heliocidaris tuberculata) and microbial bioluminescence (Microtox) tests of solvent extracts and pore waters. Toxicity in most tests correlated with concentrations of metallic contaminants, in particular, zinc, lead and copper. Organic contaminants did not correlate as significantly with toxicity. However, Heliocidaris tuberculata showed relationships with organochlorine compounds in samples with low to moderate metals contamination. Toxicity in the Microtox solvent extract test appeared to be primarily influenced by the presence of sulfur. This study has no precedent in Australia and the results support the validity of using local indigenous species in toxicity tests of field-collected sediments. This toxicity/chemistry dataset may be used in evaluations of sediment quality guidelines recently introduced to Australia.     

Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Frequency and Severity of Deformities in Larvae of Chironomus riparius (Meigen, 1804) and Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen, 1818) (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected in a polluted site

Larvae of Chironomus riparius and Prodiamesa olivacea were sampled at intervals overthe period November 1993 and October 1995 from theriver Sar in Galicia (N.W. Spain), with the aim ofinvestigating possible temporal variations in thefrequency of deformed individuals and in `Toxic Score'values (Lenat, 1993), a score for severity of theabnormalities calculated for each species. The resultsobtained indicate that, in both species, deformitiesare more frequent during the colder period of theyear. Similarly, Toxic Score values are higher duringthis period. These finding suggest that studies usingchironomid larvae as indicators of contaminationsshould involve sampling over an extended period, tominimize the influence of temporal variation.