大型商场建筑性能化防火设计实例分析

论述了商场建筑的结构和火灾危险性特点，结合我国商场建筑的发展现状提出了性能化防火设计方法。为了推进我国性能化防火设计发展，本文借助消防工程协会(SFPE)提出的一个性能化防火设计例子，介绍了性能化防火设计的步骤，并将其与传统的设计方法做了对比。     

森林防火性能化设计方法

根据消防工程、森林防火的原理和方法，参照建筑防火性能化设计方法，结合我国的森林防火现状，提出了森林防火性能化设计方法。将性能化设计理念融人到森林防火设计中有利于提高我国的林火管理水平。     

物流配送中心防火设计初探

系统分析了物流配送中心防火设计所面临的问题,讨论了如何利用性能化的方法来研究配送中心的防火设计,提出了配送中心防火设计的相关对策.     

火灾模型对钢交错桁架结构性能化抗火设计的适用性分析

对目前性能化防火设计中常用的4种火灾作用模型进行了分析和总结,并运用这4种模型对钢结构交错桁架在火灾时的热环境进行了模拟,分析不同火灾作用模型下该体系的结构响应,研究不同火灾作用模型对交错桁架结构性能化抗火设计的适用性。研究表明:火源功率、火灾载及火灾持续时间等因素对钢结构交错桁架的抗火分析具有重要影响。国际标准升温曲线和参数化室内升温曲线不考虑火源功率、建筑通风口等因素,缺乏针对性,分析结果偏于保守;区域模型所得温度偏低,不宜用于交错桁架结构的性能化抗火设计;场模型考虑了火源功率及环境温度分布的不均匀性,和实际火灾较接近,计算结果相对较为准确,可用于结构的性能化防火设计。     

隧道火灾性能化安全疏散设计方法研究

阐述了隧道防火设计的重要性,保证人员的安全疏散是隧道性能化安全设计的首要目标。确定了火灾时人员安全疏散的判定条件,分析了人员逃生时所需疏散时间的组成,通过火灾时人员所需安全疏散时间与可用安全疏散时间的比较分析,介绍了隧道火灾疏散设计的一般思路。结合某隧道的实例对这种性能化设计思路进行了说明,确定了某隧道疏散口间距和逃生滑梯通行能力的初步设计方案。     

向性能化防火规范转变应注意的几个问题

介绍了性能化建筑防火规范产生的背景以及国内外的发展概况。在对国外一些性能化经验进行总结的基础上,重点从建筑物防火安全水平的量化、性能化设计的不确定性、性能化设计方案的验证以及性能化文件的编制和性能化建筑设计、施工到使用各个环节的连续性等方面,讨论了从处方式防火规范向性能化防火规范转变时应该注意的几个问题。结合中国的具体情况,指出其在发展性能化规范中应着力解决的几个问题:正确处理处方式规范和性能化规范两者的关系;积极推动消防相关产品的发展;解决资金来源,加大经费投入;制定工程惯例或设计导则等。     

某综合楼钢结构抗火安全设计与评估(Ⅰ)——人员疏散及建筑火灾温度场分析

随着建筑设计理念及建筑技术的发展,很多新型建筑超出了当前防火规范所涉及的范围,这类建筑就要根据性能化思想来进行防火设计。某综合楼为一高层钢结构建筑,采用先进的建筑理念,在建筑内部设置了很多的大空间。基于这一新颖的结构,采用性能化方法对其进行了人员疏散时间、空气升温及结构构件升温等方面的研究。其中人员疏散通过计算机疏散模型进行了研究,大空间火灾升温采用FDS软件进行了模拟,构件升温采用AN SY S软件进行了分析。结合《规范》要求,确定了火灾时合理的人员疏散时间、空气升温及构件升温。     

建筑火灾危险性评估性能方法基本框架研究

以性能化建筑设计防火规范为背景，以现阶段消防安全工程学的实际发展水平和我国现行指令性建筑设计防火规范为基本出发点。初步建立了建筑火灾危险性评估性能化方法的基本框架，确定了这一框架所应具有的基本假定。主要特性、主要功能和三角形模块结构，并系统阐述了相应评估方法的基本内容。     

隧道火灾安全的“FAD”综合评价模型及其工程应用

正确的隧道火灾的安全评估是有效地进行隧道火灾的预测、控制和防火设计的基础。隧道火灾发生的原因十分的复杂。由此,基于对影响隧道火灾的各个因素及因素之间的关系全面分析的基础上,建立了隧道火灾危险性的评价指标体系,为隧道使用过程中的安全管理以及隧道火灾危险评价提供了切实可行的参考依据。将模糊数学、层次比较分析法、德尔菲专家法相结合,建立了隧道火灾安全的“FAD”综合评价模型。结合上海市外环隧道实例,将该模型在隧道火灾的安全评估中加以应用,验证了该模型的准确性,为隧道的“性能化”防火设计提供可靠的依据,可使隧道火灾的防治对策、安全管理更加科学、合理和有效。     

建筑防火性能化评估目标研究

依据已建立的建筑防火性能化评估方法总体框架。着重对建筑防火性能化评估目标的确定开展了研究，并从社会评估目标，功能评估目标和性能评估目标三个层次建立了建筑防火性能化评估目标的递阶层次结构。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.