单甲脒在土壤中的吸附

用批量平衡法研究了单四脒酸盐的活性部分－单甲脒在不同类型土壤中的吸附行为，获得了单甲脒的单位土壤有机质吸附常数（Ｋｏｍ）为２８４和吸附自由能变化量为１３．９９ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ＾－１的实验数值，研究表明，单甲脒在土壤中吸附符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ经验公式，其在土壤中的吸附系数Ｋｄ与土壤中有机质含量和阳离了交换容量均显著正相关。     

有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益．而且还能培肥土壤．而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近．稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措前，这一结论得到了再次验证．施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量．     

土壤和沉积物的有机质组分对水中非离子有机物吸着的影响

在２５℃下，分别测定来自水各地的四种土壤和八种沉积物吸着水溶液中的１，２－二氯苯和四氯化碳的吸附等温线，所有的等温线呈线性，表明土壤和沉积物吸着水溶液中的非离子有机物的过程是分配机理，土壤或沉物的本身用有机碳标化的吸附系数（Ｋｏｃ）之间差异不大，而土壤的和沉积物之间的Ｋｏｃ则存在显著性差异，这是由于沉积物有机质成分的极性小于土壤有机质成分的极性造成的，沉积物质吸着上述两种有机物的Ｋｏｃ约是土壤的Ｋ     

信宜县田七场的土壤环境

本文在野外调查的基础上，论述了广东省主要田七产区信宜县田七场的生物气候条件、地理位置、土壤肥力以及田七对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收状况．改善田七场的环境条件，合理施肥，培育健壮的植株以及减少农药使用量等，是提高田七产量的有效措施．     

估算多氯联苯在鱼体中生物富集因子的片段常数法

根据４０种ＰＣＢ的实测数据建立了估算ＰＣＢ在鱼体中生物富集系数的片段常数模型,建模化合物的ｌｇＢＣＦ在２．６５－５．９７之间,ｌｇＫｏｗ则在３．８８－８．１８之间,由于特定氯取代位的影响以及在此Ｋｏｗ范围内ＢＣＦ与化合物憎水性之间的非线性关系,简单的片段常数模型不能有效估算ＢＣＦ。     

用土壤生物和养分指标表征土壤肥力的可持续性

运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同农田土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明, 不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数有很大影响。有机肥明显提高土壤碳、氮和生物管理指数。单施化肥促进土壤磷、钾管理指数的上升。厩肥比绿肥更有利于提高土壤肥力可持续性指数。与参比土壤相比, 化肥处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都增长, 红壤为５ ． ６３ , 水稻土为５ ． ８ , 潮土为４ ． ８３ ; 而对照处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都下降, 红壤为５ ． ６ , 水稻土为６ ． ５８ , 潮土为４ ． ５６ 。不同施肥方式对土壤肥力可持续性指数的影响顺序为有机肥、有机肥配施化肥＞ 化肥＞ 参比土壤＞ 对照。     

批量平衡法研究芳香族酮类化合物在东北黑土中的吸附

本文用批量平衡法研究－系列芳香族酮类化合物在东北黑土中的吸附,采用Ｆｒｅ－ｎｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ吸附等温方程求得土壤吸附常数（ｋｆ）,研究表明：１２种芳香族酮类化合物的吸附等温线有线性和非线性两种形式,对化合物的土壤有机碳吸附常数（ｌｇＫｏｃ）进行定量结构－性质（ＱＳＰＲ）分析,发现芳香族酮类化合物的土壤有机碳吸附常数与正辛醇／水分配系数相关不显著,土壤有机碳吸附常数与分子极化率（ａ）有较好的相关性,这     

取代芳烃的自相关拓扑与其生物活性、性质的关系研究

本文提出表征原子生物活性的特征值（Ａｉ）,由Ａｉ建构自相关拓扑指数。其中１阶指数＾１Ｆ与氯代苯的８种理化性质的相关性优于Ｋｉｅｒ的＾１ｘ＾ｖ,＾１Ｆ与１７种取代芳烃ｌｇＫＯＷ的相关系数为０．９９４９,计算值与实验值非常吻合,取代芳烃对水生生物急性毒性与＾１Ｆ的线性回归方程如下：发光菌：－ｌｇＥＣ５０＝２．６７７＋０．０１５＾１ｆ,ｎ＝３０,ｒ＝０．９４３,ｓ＝０．２０５,保鲦鱼：－ｌｇＬＣ５０＝２     

饮用水低温生物预处理生化活性研究

为了给饮用水低温生物预处理技术的应用与开发提供实验依据，利用陶粒柱连续流生物反应器，于低温（水温２─５℃）季节，对某水源水进行预处理的同时，研究和探讨了陶粒柱生物反应器的生化活性。结果表明，试验装置在低温季节对原水的净化效果较好；陶粒柱反应器内ＴＴＣ－脱氢酶活性沿水流方向自上而下呈梯度分布；低温条件下测定的反应器上、中、下层生物陶粒ＴＴＣ－脱氢酶活性分别为２２．３９、５．７０、０．４０８μｇＴＦ／ｃｍ３·ｈ－１；生物陶粒ＴＴＣ－脱氢酶活性与活性细菌数的时数（ｌｏｇＡＢＮ）之间具有显著相关性（ｒ＝０．８４９３．ｎ＝２５）。因此，可以认为，ＴＴＣ－脱氢酶活性是研究和描述饮用水生物预处理效果的有效参数。     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤CI~-吸附特性的研究

对不同浓度ＫＣＬ和不同ｐＨ下,３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤ＣＩ－吸附量进行了测定。结果表明,土壤ＣＩ－吸附量随平衡 ＣＩ－浓度 Ｃ（ｅ）增加而增大,恒电荷土壤呈线性,可变电荷土壤在添加 ＣＩ－ ０．５－５．０ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ．下,符合 Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式。同一浓度下的ＣＩ－吸附量及其随浓度增加的速率均为砖红壤＞红壤＞赤红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤、暗棕壤和黑土,与这些土壤所带正电荷量顺序相一致。Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程Ｋ值较小且几种土壤差异不大。恒电荷土壤对ＣＩ－的吸附量很小,在浓度较低时常出现负吸附,其吸附机理可能更多的是与Ｋ＋吸附时的同时吸附。７种土壤ＣＩ－吸附量均随ｐＨ增加而降低,但降低强度可变电荷土壤远大于恒电荷土壤。     

Willingness to pay to protect cold water corals

There is increasing pressure to use currently untapped resources in the deep sea, raising questions regarding ecosystem service trade-offs in these often unknown areas. We assessed the trade-offs between protection of cold-water coral reefs and economic activities, such as fisheries and petroleum extraction, through a survey of a representative sample of the populations of Norway and Ireland. Choice-experiment surveys were conducted in workshop settings and through the internet. Both survey approaches provided some similar results, such as preferences for protection. Our cross-country comparison showed the general public in Norway and Ireland was willing, despite possible conflict with extractive and consumptive economic activities in the deep sea, to protect cold-water corals as habitat for fish. On average, people were willing to pay NKr 341 and NKr 424 for a small and large increase in protected areas respectively, and NKr 880 if the area is important habitat for fish, all else held equal. However, there was large variation across individuals and countries. Norwegian respondents valued pure existence of cold-water corals more than the Irish respondents, and the latter were less willing to trade off industrial activities than the former. Nonetheless, the findings support conservation of cold-water corals and more generally of ocean environments that provide habitat for fish, which the current deep sea governance systems are not adequately designed or sufficiently well-structured to secure.     

Public Technological Aid to Support Compliance to Environmental Standards

Public aid to encourage the adoption of superior emissions-control technologies is combined with monitoring to achieve a predetermined level of compliance to firm-specific abatement standards. Technological aid serves as an indirect enforcement tool in the sense that its provision reduces the direct enforcement effort necessary to reach the compliance goal. Furthermore, when direct enforcement effort and technological aid are combined to minimize the costs of reaching the compliance goal, more aid should be provided when direct enforcement effort is expensive. As a consequence, regulated firms adopt better control technologies, which, in turn, may serve to promote further innovative activity.     

Efficacy of a Voluntary Area to Be Avoided to Reduce Risk of Lethal Vessel Strikes to Endangered Whales

Abstract: Ocean‐going vessels pose a threat to large whales worldwide and are responsible for the majority of reported deaths diagnosed among endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Various conservation policies have been implemented to reduce vessel‐strike mortality in this species. The International Maritime Organization adopted the Roseway Basin Area to be avoided on the Scotian Shelf as a voluntary conservation initiative to reduce the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales. We initiated the Vessel Avoidance & Conservation Area Transit Experiment to evaluate the efficacy of this initiative because the effectiveness of the avoidance scheme in reducing risk without the imposition of vessel‐speed restrictions depends entirely on vessel‐operator compliance. Using a network of automatic identification system receivers, we collected static, dynamic, and voyage‐related vessel data in near real time from the Roseway Basin region for 12 months before and 6 months after the implementation of the area to be avoided. Using pre‐ and post‐implementation vessel navigation and speed data, along with right whale sightings per unit effort data, all resolved at 3′N latitude by 3′W longitude, we estimated the post‐implementation change in risk of lethal vessel strikes. Estimates of vessel‐operator voluntary compliance ranged from 57% to 87% and stabilized at 71% within the first 5 months of implementation. Our estimates showed an 82% reduction in the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales due to vessel‐operator compliance. We conclude that the high level of compliance achieved with this voluntary conservation initiative occurred because the area to be avoided was adopted by the International Maritime Organization. Our results demonstrate that international shipping interests are able and willing to voluntarily alter course to protect endangered whales.     

Feasibility of using salivary biomarkers to assess human exposure to chlorpyrifos

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using salivary biomarkers to assess chlorpyrifos exposure using data collected from laboratory controlled animal study, as well as from farmers in Thailand and Nicaragua who applied chlorpyrifos in the field. Time-matched saliva and arterial blood samples were collected from rats and adult agricultural workers, while spot saliva samples were collected from children. Specimen samples were analyzed for chlorpyrifos using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results from both animal and farmer studies show that chlorpyrifos is excreted into saliva. Nevertheless, salivary excretion of chlorpyrifos seems to differ from other pesticides, as evidenced by the lack of correspondence of chlorpyrifos levels between saliva and plasma samples. The lower chlorpyrifos concentrations in saliva collected from rats, and from farmers and their children, may have resulted from the rapid hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos during the intracellular passive diffusion in the salivary gland. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos is excreted into saliva; however, the majority of chlorpyrifos that is excreted in saliva may have been metabolized due to base-dependent hydrolysis. Because of this finding, it was hypothesized that it would be ideal to measure its metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, in saliva as the biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure.     

Using Montane Mammals to Model Extinctions Due to Global Change

We use data on the species-area relationship and the nested subset structure of the boreal mammal faunas inhabiting isolated mountaintops in the Great Basin to develop a simple quantitative model that predicts the number and identity of species that would go extinct under an assumed scenario of changing climate and vegetation. Global warming of 3°C is predicted to cause the loss of 9–62% of the species inhabiting each mountain range and the extinction of three of fourteen species throughout the region. These results suggest (1) that it is possible to make highly plausible predictions about the susceptibility of species to extinction without detailed information about their population biology, and (2) that global and regional environmental changes seriously threaten the survival of species that are restricted in distribution to both natural "habitat islands" and biological reserves.     

Using stable isotopes to monitor anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries

Use of stable nitrogen isotope ratios is one method that has been proposed to indicate anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuarine systems. However, the role of stable isotopes as a tool in long-term ecosystem monitoring has not been fully developed. Resident producer and consumer species were collected from marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and subject to a range of anthropogenic impacts in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and in Great South Bay and Jamaica Bay, New York. Tissue isotope ratios of Spartina alterniflora, Ulva lactuca, Fundulus heteroclitus, and Geukensia demissa were analyzed in order to determine which organisms are the most sensitive indicators of changes in anthropogenic nitrogen source and loading. Power analysis was used to determine the sample sizes necessary to detect change in nutrient source using the species sampled. Relationships between the delta15N values of the species sampled and watershed population density and residential development were evaluated. Population density was a better indicator of anthropogenic nitrogen impact than residential development, since most anthropogenic nitrogen in the study marshes was derived from wastewater. Consumer species demonstrated lower within-site variability than producer species and would therefore require smaller sample sizes to detect changes in nitrogen source and loading.