国外新矿物

白砷镁钙石Irhtemite Ca_5MgH_2(AsO_4)_4·4H_2O 白砷镁钙石发现于摩洛哥的伊尔太湖(Irhtem)和布阿宰(Pou Azzer),呈直径约为0.5—1毫米的放射球状集合体产出。本矿物为白色粉末状或无色透明,二轴晶正光性,2V( )=25°,折光率:α=1.634,γ=1.642。比重(实验值)=3.09,比重(计算值)=3.15。     

复合材料对砷污染土壤稳定化处理及机理研究

通过投加FeS、电石渣、菌渣及其复配组合对砷污染土壤进行稳定化处理,根据稳定效率对稳定材料进行筛选,并分析处理前后土壤中砷的生物有效性、赋存形态及土壤物相成分,探索稳定机理.结果表明:单因素实验中,FeS对砷的稳定效率最高,当FeS投加量为n(Fe)/n(As)=20时,砷的稳定效率达84.69%;复配实验中,FeS投加量为n(Fe)/n(As)=15,电石渣投加量为0.5%(质量分数),菌渣投加量为6%(质量分数)时,砷的稳定效率高达90.53%.机理研究表明:稳定处理后,土壤中有效态砷和有机体内砷的可给量分别降低80.14%和92.86%;土壤中易溶态砷占总砷的比例降低了18.61%,铁型砷和钙型砷占总砷的比例分别提高了10.36%和5.81%,易溶态砷主要转化为铁型砷和钙型砷;稳定处理后土壤中矿物成分新增了Ca Al_2Si_2O_8·4H_2O(斜方钙沸石)、Ca_3Fe_4(AsO_4)_4(OH)_6·3H_2O(菱砷铁矿)、Fe_2(AsO_4)(SO_4)OH·5H_2O(砷铁矾矿)、(Al,Fe~(3+))_3AsO_4(OH)_6·5H_2O(砷铁铝矿)4种矿物,稳定处理使土壤中的砷生成了难溶性铁-砷、钙-砷矿物质.     

大连湾53号排污口附近海域砷的迁移规律研究

砷(Arsenic)的化合物,通常因在海水中pH、Eh的不同,存在的价态不同,因而毒性的强弱也不同。砷的毒性次序是:砷化氢(AsH_3)>亚砷酸盐(AsO_3~(3-))>氧化砷(As_2O_3)>砷酸盐(AsO_4~(3-))>砷酸(H_3AsO_4)。一般认为三价砷能与硫氢基(-SH)结合形成稳定的螯合物,而五价砷对(-SH)基没有这种亲和性,因此三价砷的毒性作用是     

砷对水稻田生态影响的试验研究

砷是有毒的化学元素,化学性质极为活泼,一般多与S、Fe、Se、Te成化合态存在于自然界,砷和砷的化合物在大气、土壤、水体和生物体内都有微量存在,但积累过量会导致土壤污染,使生物和人体受害,甚至造成死亡。 砷酸钙[Ca_3(AsO_4)_2·Ca(OH)_2]是无机     

含氟废气的处理

将含氟废气用pH4.0～5.5的氯化钙溶液洗涤,而后把废液与炼钢炉渣混合,并调节pH至4.0～5.5,以备再用;或把废液用CaSO_4·2H_2O、CaSO_4、1/2H_2O或CaSO_4处理,而后将所得溶液的pH调节至4.0～5.5以便再用。实例1:含有0.3～0.5毫克F/米~3的合成废气用0.05％氯化钙溶液洗涤,废液与含42％CaO的转炉灰渣混合。氟的脱除率约为98％。实例2:将含0.3～0.5毫克F/米~3的合成废气用0.05％氯化钙溶液洗涤,而后把废液用CaSO_4·2H_2O处理以备再用。氟的脱除率约为98～99％。     

无汞盐化学需氧量测定中减轻氯离子干扰的简单方法

本文提出一种以AgNO_3和CrK(SO_4)_2·12H_2O代替HgSO_4的简单方法,对COD测定过程中排出氯离子的干扰进行了研究,并与标准法及其他方法进行了比较,结果表明,在0.1mL50％AgNO_3和0.1mL25％的Crk(SO_4)_2·12H_2O存在下,氯离子浓度低于3500μg/ml无明显干扰,若试样中氯离子的浓度大于3500μg/ml,可适当加大AgNO_3的浓度和提高CrK(SO_4)_2·12H_2O的加入量。     

铬的溶剂萃取(评论)

<正> 铬的溶液中主要以两种氧化态即Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)存在。第一种较稳定,并有形成惰性络合物的倾向。在非络合剂阴离子(如ClO_4~-)存在的情况下,Cr(Ⅲ)离子以Cr(H_2O)_6~(3+)及其水解产物的形式存在,在不同的pH值时,占优势的是Cr(H_2O)_5OH~(2+)     

水中痕量三价砷和五价砷的测定

一、仪器和试剂 1.仪器 72型分光光度计(1厘米比色槽),自动过滤装置,砷化氢发生装置。 2.试剂 全部用分析纯试剂,用无离子水配制。 (1)砷标准溶液 As(Ⅲ)储备液用一级纯As_2O_3配制,含As(Ⅲ)量为100微克/毫升;As(Ⅴ)储备液用Na_2AsHO_4·7H_2O配制,含As(Ⅴ)量为100微克/毫升。     

聚合硫酸铁去除水中砷的实验研究

研究了聚合硫酸铁对水中砷在不同条件下的去除效果.实验发现:聚合硫酸铁去除砷的最佳pH值范围为6～8;砷的去除率随聚合硫酸铁加入量的增加而升高;砷去除率随Fe/As比值的增加而增大;Ca2 、Mg2 有利于砷的絮凝沉淀;PO34-对砷的去除有不利影响,而且PO34-的浓度越大其影响越大.     

Phosphate recovery from anaerobic digester effluents using CaMg(OH)4

Dolomite lime(DL)(CaMg(OH)_4) was used as an economical source of Mg~(2+)for the removal and recovery of phosphate from an anaerobic digester effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant(MWWTP) wastewater. Batch precipitation results determined that phosphate was effectively reduced from 87 to less than 4 mg-P/L when the effluent water was mixed with 0.3 g/L of DL. The competitive precipitation mechanisms of different solids in the treatment system consisting of Ca~(2+)–Mg~(2+)–NH_4~+–PO_4~(3-)CO_3~(2-)were determined by comparing model predictions with experimental results. Thermodynamic model calculations indicated that hydroxyapatite(Ca_(10)(PO_4)_6(OH)_2), Ca_4H(PO_4)_3?3H_2O, Ca_3(PO_4)_2(beta), and Ca_3(PO_4)_2(am2)were more stable than struvite(MgNH_4PO_3?6H_2O) and calcite(CaCO_3). However, X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis determined the formation of struvite and calcite minerals in the treated effluent. Kinetic experimental results showed that most of the phosphate was removed from synthetic effluent containing NH_4~+within 2 hr, while only 20% of the PO_4~(3-)was removed in the absence of NH_4~+after 24 hr of treatment. The formation of struvite in the DL-treated effluent was due to the rapid precipitation rate of the mineral. The final pH of the DL-treated effluent significantly influenced the mass ratio of struvite to calcite in the precipitates. Because more calcite was formed when the p H increased from 8.4 to 9.6, a p H range of 8.0–8.5 should be used to produce solid with high PO_4~(3-)content. This study demonstrated that DL could be used for effective removal of phosphate from the effluent and that resultant precipitates contained high content of phosphate and ammonium.     

pH值对石灰(石灰石)湿法脱硫反应机理的影响

为了探讨ｐＨ值对石灰石湿法脱硫反应机理的影响,进行了用亚硫酸钙沉淀与水的混合液吸收ＳＯ２的实验,研究表明,溶液中离子化合物的型态与体系的ｐＨ值密切相关。体系ｐＨ值小于７时,硫阴离子主要以ＨＳＯ＾－３型态存在,脱硫反应以生成Ｃａ（ＨＳＯ３）２为主;体系ｐＨ值大于７时,硫阴离子主要以ＳＯ＾－２３型态存在,脱硫反应以生成ＣａＳＯ３．１／２Ｈ２Ｏ或ＣａＳＯ４．２Ｈ２Ｏ为主。     

溶剂萃取法提取电镀污泥氨浸出渣中的金属资源

研究硫酸浸出Ｐ５０７－煤油－硫酸体系萃取分离铁,钠皂－Ｐ２０４－煤油－硫酸体系共萃铬、铝、反萃取分离铬、铝工艺回收电镀污染氨浸渣中的金属。通过优化实验,确定了全流程的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,铁铬渣中的金属铬、铝和铁均可以高纯度盐类形式回收,可作为化学试剂使用,回收率达９５％以上。     

化学沉淀法去除稀土湿法冶炼废水中钙与高浓度氨氮研究

离子型稀土湿法冶炼过程中会产生大量氨氮废水,由于废水中含有大量Ca2+,而Ca2+是影响磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氮效率的重要因素.向废水中投入Na2CO3固体生成CaCO3沉淀物,去除废水中的Ca2+,再利用磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀法去除废水中的氨氮.实验采用响应面实验设计方法中的中心复合设计法,利用响应面分析法对磷酸铵镁沉淀法反应参数进行优化,得到最优反应条件及最优反应条件下沉淀产物.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)对最优反应条件下两种沉淀物进行分析.结果表明,当n(Ca2+)∶n(CO23-)=1∶1.05,搅拌速率为1 500 r.min-1,反应时间为30 min时,Ca2+去除率接近100%;对除钙后废水进行磷酸铵镁法脱氮处理的最优反应条件为:pH=9.03,n(Mg)∶n(N)=1.20,n(P)∶n(N)=1.1,反应时间为30 min,搅拌速率为1 000 r.min-1,氨氮去除率达到95.40%,剩余总磷浓度为5.65 mg.L-1;沉淀物分别为纯净的CaCO3及MgNH4PO4.6H2O.     

亚铁盐对城市污泥中重金属的稳定化作用研究

在不同的药剂投加条件下,通过对重金属的浸出系数和形态分布分析,研究了亚铁盐对污泥中重金属的稳定化效果.结果显示,单独投加亚铁盐时会导致污泥pH值降低,投加5%的硫酸亚铁时,污泥pH值由6.5骤降至4.4,污泥中锌和镍的浸出系数分别达到了363.3%和118.3%.投加亚铁盐辅助氢氧化钙稳定化污泥,能够将污泥pH值维持在偏碱性的范围内,且重金属的浸出系数显著降低.当投加15%的硫酸亚铁和7.5%的氢氧化钙时,锌和镍的浸出系数分别为11.5%和24.1%,污泥pH值为8.4.单独投加氢氧化钙可以有效地稳定污泥中的重金属,但会显著提高污泥的pH值,不利于污泥的后续资源化.在相同pH值条件下,硫酸亚铁和氢氧化钙同时投加的稳定化效果比单独投加氢氧化钙要好.重金属的形态分析表明,锌、铜和铅的稳定态增加,但镍、总铬和镉的不稳定态增加.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

焚烧飞灰水泥窑共处置过程As的迁移特征

为了明确焚烧飞灰水泥窑共处置过程中As的迁移特性,对大量国外工业水泥窑As的监测数据进行了统计分析,研究As或Cl输入总量对As迁移特性的影响.同时,采用CHEMKIN软件对水泥窑煅烧过程中As的物相进行热力学模拟,并使用水泥回转窑系统的简化模型讨论了窑灰循环对As迁移的影响.结果表明,焚烧飞灰中As的酸可提取态、可还...     

放射示踪法研究O2存在时14CS2与OH的光化学反应

用放射示踪法研究~(14)CS_2和OH的光化学反应,指出氧对反应有促进作用,在反应体系中(~(14)CS_2-H_2O_2-C_3H_8-N_2-O_2)主要产物为O~(14)CS,~(14)CO及少量~(14)CO_2。O~(14)CS和~(14)CO有相似的动力学曲线,~(14)CO_2则是另一种情况。总反应速率常数随氧压增加而增大,在氧压为33330Pa时,~(14)CS_2消失的总速率常数可高达3.4×10~(-12)cm~3mol~(-1)S~(-1)。在实验中观察到~(14)CS_2能在室温下转变为~(14)CO_2的现象。讨论了光化学反应的历程。