氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法。分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度（质量比）和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降。     

生物膜填料塔SO2废气净化性能研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化SO2废气,研究结果表明:当气体流量从100L/h增加到300L/h时,SO2净化效率由86.4%下降到73.2%;生化去除量随着入口SO2气体浓度的升高而增大;随着温度的升高,SO2净化效率和生化去除量都随之提高,且20℃以上时,净化效率可达90.9%以上,生化去除量可达75 mg/L·h以上,更利于微生物降解SO2.     

介质阻挡放电协同Ag/Al_2O_3对NO_x脱除的影响

为有效去除发电厂烟气中产生的NOx,利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生低温等离子体并结合催化剂Ag/Al2O3进行烟气脱硝实验,研究了在加入乙烯的条件下,平均负载量、催化温度和装置的布置方式对NOx脱除的影响。结果表明,随着负载的增多,NO脱除率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,5种负载量中最佳为1.76%;随着催化温度的升高,NO脱除率同样呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最佳的催化温度为150℃左右;3种不同布置方式对NO和NOx脱除有明显差别,单独催化剂在NO和NOx的脱除率都比较低;单独介质阻挡放电NO脱除率很高,但是NOx很却很低;而两者结合在NO和NOx都达到了很好的效果。     

喷射量对预混合丁醇/柴油复合燃烧排放的影响

基于一台轻型高压共轨柴油机增加一套低压共轨系统实现气道定差压丁醇喷射,并控制进气温度不低于110℃以形成均质预混合气。研究了3 350 r·min~(-1)不同负荷条件下小比例丁醇喷射量对柴油机的气体排放物和颗粒物排放数量浓度、质量浓度及颗粒数量浓度粒径分布特性的影响。结果表明,在中小负荷范围内的HC和CO排放随丁醇喷射量几乎呈线性增加;在大负荷HC排放增加,但是CO排放略微减小。在小负荷工况soot质量比排放和NO_x排放随丁醇喷射量增大而降低,不存在折衷关系;在中大负荷工况soot质量比排放随丁醇喷射量增大而降低但NO_x排放随丁醇喷射量增大而升高。丁醇可明显降低各个负荷的大粒径颗粒物的数量浓度,但是会增加小粒径颗粒的数量浓度。丁醇可降低各个负荷下颗粒物的总数浓度。     

炼铁烧结除尘灰湿法脱除模拟烟气中的SO2

为了考察炼铁烧结除尘灰作为脱硫剂的效果,研究了湿法脱硫过程中固液比、氧气含量、吸收剂温度、气体流速、进口SO_2质量浓度、搅拌强度等影响因素对脱除效率的影响规律。结果表明,最佳反应温度为25℃;随着温度升高,SO_2溶解度降低,吸收液对SO_2吸收能力降低;气体流量增加,SO_2在吸收剂中停留时间变短,导致脱除率降低;固液比增加,气固接触概率也随之增大,SO_2脱除率也增大;进口SO_2质量浓度的提高导致液相中氢氧根消耗加剧,使反应速率减慢,不利于对SO_2的去除。同时发现,SO_2浓度增加则溶解分数减小,吸收率也会随之降低;搅拌速率的增加使得气泡破碎加剧,增大气液接触面积,使除尘灰充分悬浮在液相中,与溶液中的SO_2迅速反应,有利于SO_2的吸收。O_2含量增加,有利于O_2的溶解,增加了化学反应的推动力,有利于SO_2吸收反应的进行。除尘灰对含二氧化硫气体具有较好的脱硫效果,有一定的应用前景。     

土壤有机质对铊在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了土壤有机质对Tl＋在红壤和黄土2种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为的影响。结果表明,去除土壤有机质后红壤和黄土对Tl＋的吸附量均明显下降,下降幅度最高分别达到24.7%和28.2%,黄土的下降幅度大于红壤;黄土对Tl＋吸附率最高下降幅度约为20%,也高于红壤的15%。土壤有机质对Tl＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别是黄土39.2%、红壤32.8%。2种土壤对Tl＋的解吸量在去除有机质之后都明显增大,在初始Tl＋浓度较高的情况下,增大幅度明显;并且Tl＋的初始浓度越高,土壤在去有机质前后的解吸率相差就越大,在Tl＋最大处理浓度为20 mg/L时,红壤和黄土的解吸率增加分别达到60.8%和65.5%。     

填料塔中的DBU溶液吸收CO_2

在自制的1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)吸收CO2的填料塔中,研究DBU溶液浓度、入口CO2浓度、DBU溶液流量、气体流量、气体温度以及填料层高度对CO2吸收的影响。结果表明,DBU溶液浓度从1.5%增加到25%,CO2吸收容量和吸收效率均逐步减小;入口CO2浓度从4.5%增加到15%,CO2吸收容量和吸收效率均逐渐增大;DBU溶液流量从20 m L/min增加到120 m L/min,CO2吸收容量和吸收效率略有增加;气体流量从0.7 L/min增加到3.3 L/min,填料层高度从5 cm增加到45 cm,CO2吸收容量和吸收效率均呈先增后减趋势;气体温度从25℃增加到60℃,CO2吸收容量和吸收效率略有下降。DBU溶液在填料塔内能够高效吸收气体中的CO2。     

土壤粒径及有机质对多溴二苯醚热脱附的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了土壤粒径与土壤有机质含量对多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)热脱附的影响,以期为PBDEs污染土壤热脱附修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明,300℃停留30 min条件下,粒径为<75、75～125、125～250、250～425和425～850μm的土壤中PBDEs去除率分别为49.53%、73.88%、79.39%、83.56%和87.09%,PBDEs总去除率随粒径的增大而增大,土壤BDE209较BDE206、BDE207和BDE208更易于脱除。此外,温度低于450℃时,H2O2氧化部分去除有机质后土壤中PBDEs的去除率较原土高;表明,土壤有机质可能抑制土壤中PBDEs的热脱附。     

改进氨吸收法同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

以氨水和尿素作为混合吸收剂,同时以三乙醇胺作为添加剂,进行了模拟工业锅炉烟气同时脱硫脱硝试验。考察了SO2和NO的初始浓度、尿素和三乙醇胺的质量分数、氨水体积分数、烟气流量、液气比和反应温度对脱硫脱硝效果的影响。结果表明,当NO初始质量浓度为1 000mg/m3,SO2初始质量浓度为1 780mg/m3,尿素质量分数为0.3%,氨水体积分数为0.3%,三乙醇胺质量分数为0.02%,烟气流量为20m3/h,液气比为20L/m3,温度为20℃时,脱硫率为97%,脱硝率为58.7%。该方法可以达到同时脱硫脱硝的目的。     

膜吸收法脱除恶臭气体H_2S

选用聚丙烯中空纤维膜接触器为吸收器,Na OH水溶液为吸收剂,考察膜吸收法对H_2S的脱除效果。结果表明:正流程、逆流方式的脱硫效果优于反流程、并流;随着液体流量和液体浓度的增加,H_2S脱除率和总传质系数随之增大,但随气体流量的增加,H_2S脱除率减小,总传质系数增大;正交实验得出吸收剂浓度0.2 mol·L~(-1)、进气流量1 L·min-1、液体流量2.2 L·min-1为较优的膜吸收参数,此条件下H_2S脱除率可达99.94%,且各因子对H_2S脱除率的影响次序为:进气流量液体流量吸收剂浓度。     

AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM COMPOST LACHATE USING ZEOLITE. II. A STUDY USING CONTINUOUS FLOW PACKED COLUMNS

Bench-scale packed zeolite columns were set up and operated to investigate the continuous removal of ammonium ions from compost leachate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the zeolite on the ammonia adsorption capacity were studied. For both the coarse particle and the powdered zeolite columns, higher ammonia removal efficiencies were achieved with longer HRT (i.e., lower influent flow rate) tests. At the same HRT, ammonia removal efficiencies from tests with powdered zeolite were generally 20% higher than tests with the coarse particle zeolite. A HRT of 6 hours was found appropriate for efficient ammonia removal, and an operating capacity of 1.31 mg N/g zeolite was obtained. Over 98% of the ammonia input from the influent was consistently removed for over 5 bed volumes (BV) of compost leachate flowing through the zeolite column. Zeolite proved to have a great potential as a medium for ammonia removal in treating composting leachate.     

Ammonia removal from compost leachate using zeolite. II. A study using continuous flow packed columns

Bench-scale packed zeolite columns were set up and operated to investigate the continuous removal of ammonium ions from compost leachate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the zeolite on the ammonia adsorption capacity were studied. For both the coarse particle and the powdered zeolite columns, higher ammonia removal efficiencies were achieved with longer HRT (i.e., lower influent flow rate) tests. At the same HRT, ammonia removal efficiencies from tests with powdered zeolite were generally 20% higher than tests with the coarse particle zeolite. A HRT of 6 hours was found appropriate for efficient ammonia removal, and an operating capacity of 1.31 mg N/g zeolite was obtained. Over 98% of the ammonia input from the influent was consistently removed for over 5 bed volumes (BV) of compost leachate flowing through the zeolite column. Zeolite proved to have a great potential as a medium for ammonia removal in treating composting leachate.     

人工湿地基质的筛选及其对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮吸附性能研究

采用静态吸附实验,对比了岷江砂、沱江砂、青衣江砂、沸石、活性炭对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮的吸附去除效率,基于氨氮去除能力、购买成本与运费的比较,筛选出性价比较高的基质--岷江砂作为四川地区人工湿地的基质处理猪场废水厌氧消化液.吸附实验表明,砂对氨氮的去除率随振荡时间和投加量的增加而增加.通过吸附等温曲线Langmuir...     

Ammonia removal from pretreated methane fermentation effluent through a soil trench system: a column experiment

In order to find the optimal running conditions and mechanisms of ammonia removal through a soil trench system that is designed for treating pretreated methane fermentation effluent, a soil column whose structure was similar to the soil trench system was prepared, and irrigated with wastewater below 30 °C. At the beginning, ammonia was mainly adsorbed by the soils, and the ammonia adsorption capacity of soils gradually saturated. After the 12th day, nitrification began in the soil column; the ammonia in the soil column decreased sharply, and the nitrite and nitrate peak appeared sequentially as the wastewater application rate decreased from 0.74 to 0.37 l h⁻¹. When the nitrification in the soil column reached a steady-state, 98% of all the ammonia in the influent was transformed into nitrate.

By changing the running conditions such as temperature, aeration, and wastewater application rate, it was found that the ammonia removal efficiency can be improved by aeration and impeded by low temperature. In these three variables, wastewater application rate has much greater affect on the ammonia removal efficiency; a lower wastewater application rate can increase the ammonia removal efficiency substantially because of the longer travel time.     

膜吸收法净化低浓度甲醛和氨气

基于膜吸收技术自制双层平板式膜吸收器,搭建净化低浓度甲醛和氨气污染模拟系统,考察不同膜结构参数、进气流量、吸收剂流量等因素对其净化效果的影响。结果表明,聚偏氟乙烯PVDF对低浓度甲醛和氨气的净化效率高于聚四氟乙烯PTFE。对同一材质膜,随着膜孔隙率的增大,甲醛和氨气的净化率呈上升趋势。随着进气流量的增加。甲醛和氨气的净化效率降低;而吸收剂流量对其净化效率影响不大。对于所有实验条件,平均膜孔径为0．22μm的PVDF4#在进气流量ug=120L／h时,甲醛和氨气的净化效率最高,分别达94．7％和96．3％。     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统的脱氮特性

采用泥水同步降解的"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统",考察了该系统污泥减量能力以及污染物去除性能,研究了水蚯蚓对共生系统脱氮特性的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,实验组污泥减量率为25.0%,污泥性状无明显差异。实验组氨氮与总氮去除率明显低于对照组,实验组每周期单位质量活性污泥氨氮与总氮去除质量分别为6.63 mg/g与5.81mg/g,均低于对照组。共生系统脱氮性能下降主要由水蚯蚓含氮物质释放引起,活性污泥本身硝化能力没有降低,反而略有提高,反硝化能力没有明显改变。"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"对中低氨氮浓度的废水处理具有较大的潜力。     

A batch study on the bio-fixation of carbon dioxide in the absorbed solution from a chemical wet scrubber by hot spring and marine algae

Carbon dioxide mass transfer is a key factor in cultivating micro-algae except for the light limitation of photosynthesis. It is a novel idea to enhance mass transfer with the cyclic procedure of absorbing CO(2) with a high performance alkaline abosorber such as a packed tower and regenerating the alkaline solution with algal photosynthesis. Hence, the algae with high affinity for alkaline condition must be purified. In this study, a hot spring alga (HSA) was purified from an alkaline hot spring (pH 9.3, 62 degrees C) in Taiwan and grows well over pH 11.5 and 50 degrees C. For performance of HSA, CO(2) removal efficiencies in the packed tower increase about 5-fold in a suitable growth condition compared to that without adding any potassium hydroxide. But ammonia solution was not a good choice for this system with regard to carbon dioxide removal efficiency because of its toxicity on HSA. In addition, HSA also exhibits a high growth rate under the controlled pHs from 7 to 11. Besides, a well mass balance of carbon and nitrogen made sure that less other byproducts formed in the procedure of carboxylation. For analysis of some metals in HSA, such as Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, related to the photosynthesis increased by a rising cultivated pH and revealed that those metals might be accumulated under alkaline conditions but the growth rate was still limited by the ratio of bicarbonate (useful carbon source) and carbonate. Meanwhile, Nannochlopsis oculta (NAO) was also tested under different additional carbon sources. The results revealed that solutions of sodium/potassium carbonate are better carbon sources than ammonia carbonate/bicarbonate for the growth of NAO. However, pH 9.6 of growth limitation based on sodium was lower than one of HSA. The integrated system is, therefore, more feasible to treat CO(2) in the flue gases using the algae with higher alkaline affinity such as HSA in small volume bioreactors.     

沸石改性及其去除水中氨氮的实验研究

通过实验研究了沸石改性条件及其对水中氨氮吸附去除的影响。结果表明,加热改性与无机酸改性不能显著提高沸石对氨氮的吸附量。利用NaOH改性的最佳浓度为1 mol/L,此条件下对氨氮吸附量可提高到650.68 mg/kg,为天然沸石的2.82倍。利用无机盐改性时,对氨氮吸附效果最好的是NaCl改性沸石,其次为KCl改性沸石与CaCl₂改性沸石。随着NaCl溶液浓度和改性时间的增加,改性沸石对氨氮的吸附量显著增加,可达天然沸石的3～4倍;在NaCl浓度为150 g/L与改性时间为18 h条件下,改性沸石对氨氮吸附量可达887.35 mg/kg,为天然沸石的3.84倍。     

Microbial degradation of livestock-generated ammonia using biofilters at typical ambient temperatures

The purpose of this research was to neutralize livestock-generated ammonia by using biofilters packed with inexpensive inorganic and organic packing material combined with multicultural microbial load at typical ambient temperatures. Peat and inorganic supporting materials were used as biofiltration matrix packed in a perfusion column through which gas was transfused. Results show the ammonia removal significantly fell in between 99 and 100% when ammonia concentration of 200 ppmv was used at different gas flow rates ranged from 0.030 to 0.060 m3 h(-1) at a fluctuating room temperature of 27.5 +/- 4.5 C (Mean +/- SD). Under these conditions, the emission concentration of ammonia that is liberated after biofiltration is less than 1 ppmv (0.707 mg m(-3)) over the period of our study, suggesting the usage of low-cost biofiltration systems for long-term function is effective at wider ranges of temperature fluctuations. The maximum (100%) ammonia removal efficiency was obtained in this biofilter was having an elimination capacity of 2.217 g m(-3) h(-1). This biofilter had high nitrification efficiencies and hence controlled ammonia levels with the reduced backpressure. The response of this biofilter to shut down and start up operation showed that the biofilm has a superior stability.