黔中木本植物叶功能性状对退化喀斯特土壤特性的响应

研究不同退化背景下优势木本植物功能性状的适应机制,有助于从功能生态学的角度来解释喀斯特山区的群落演替过程。本研究以贵州普定不同退化背景样地优势木本为研究对象,测定LT、LA、SLA、LDMC、LTD、Chlc6个叶片功能性状指标,分析土壤特性对区域内植被叶片功能性状的作用及影响,揭示喀斯特山区植物对不同环境的适应策略及其演替过程。结果表明:①喀斯特区退化环境下植被叶片向增大化趋势发展,以退耕地经济林最显著;火烧、火烧砍伐、退耕下植被性状差异显著,以LA、LTD、SLA变化范围最大,在相应样地可分别高达121.9%、118.08%、86.00%。②退化样地内叶片性状在乔木、灌木和藤本物种间差异显著,总体上灌木与藤本物种种间变异高于乔木物种,群落处于演替前中期阶段。③不同退化背景下土壤特性差异较大,与植被叶功能性状间具有显著相关性,其中土层深度、土壤养分与土壤含水率是植被叶功能性状的关键土壤特性因子。④退化区域植被叶性状表现出LA大、LT较小、SLA和LTD低、LDMC高、Chlc较低,趋向于发展贫瘠干旱性状组合。揭示了黔中退化喀斯特次生林内在差异性的演替规律,为喀斯特次生林的管理和生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

Effects of Oxalis pes-caprae L. invasion in olive groves

The present work aimed at studying the effect of Oxalis pes-caprae invasion in the herbaceous understory of olive groves in the island of Lesvos, Greece. The number of species, their biomass and dead plant material production was followed throughout the vegetative period in invaded and non-invaded plots. Species richness in the area invaded by O. pes-caprae gradually declined and was significantly smaller in comparison with the natural vegetation. Although biomass was equal in the invaded and non-invaded areas 1 month after germination, annual net primary production (NPP) was three times smaller in the invaded than the non-invaded area. Moreover, aboveground dead plant material of O. pes-caprae decomposed faster than a mixture of litter species of the natural vegetation. Lower biomass production in combination with increased decomposition rates of O. pes-caprae is expected to lead to reduced soil C sequestration in invaded areas. It was concluded that although O. pes-caprae does not add a new life form or functional type to the invaded herbaceous system it has considerable impacts on the diversity and ecosystem functions in olive groves.     

Adaptation of plant functional group composition to management changes in calcareous grassland

It is the aim of plant functional research to generate general rules of species assembly and species reactions based on plant functional traits. Here we determined plant functional groups that are important with regard to land use types (grazing, mowing, mulching, burning, abandonment) and looked for mechanisms leading to changes in species composition after management changes in calcareous grasslands.To filter out the set of traits which best described the variation in plant composition along the studied land use gradient and to identify functional groups we chose an iterative three-table ordination method. We included traits related to persistence as well as traits describing the germination niche of a plant. To gain insight into underlying mechanisms which led to differing importance of these plant functional groups at different management regimes we investigated shifts in dominance of the identified functional groups at eight management regimes using long-term vegetation data of a site which was grazed before the onset of different management regimes in 1974. Ongoing unidirectional changes in cover of the four determined functional groups at most of the treatments indicated that even after almost 30 years new equilibria of functional group composition were still not reached.The study showed that other management treatments but grazing and mowing led to changes in functional group composition, which were mainly driven by increasing dominance of a highly competitive species group.     

Communities of different plant diversity respond similarly to drought stress: experimental evidence from field non-weeded and greenhouse conditions

Accelerating rate of species loss has prompted researchers to study the role of species diversity in processes that control ecosystem functioning. Although negative impact of species loss has been documented, the evidence concerning its impact on ecosystem stability is still limited. Here, we studied the effects of declining species and functional diversity on plant community responses to drought in the field (open to weed colonization) and greenhouse conditions. Both species and functional diversity positively affected the average yields of field communities. However, this pattern was similar in both drought-stressed and control plots. No effect of diversity on community resistance, biomass recovery after drought and resilience was found because drought reduced biomass production similarly at each level of diversity by approximately 30?%. The use of dissimilarity (characterized by Euclidean distance) revealed higher variation under changing environments (drought-stressed vs. control) in more diverse communities compared to less species-rich assemblages. In the greenhouse experiment, the effect of species diversity affected community resistance, indicating that more diverse communities suffered more from drought than species-poor ones. We conclude that our study did not support the insurance hypothesis (stability properties of a community should increase with species richness) because species diversity had an equivocal effect on ecosystem resistance and resilience in an environment held under non-weeded practice, regardless of the positive relationship between sown species diversity and community biomass production. More species-rich communities were less resistant against drought-stressed conditions than species-poor ones grown in greenhouse conditions.     

嘉兴市石臼漾水源生态湿地运行过程中植物多样性研究

浙江省嘉兴市石臼漾水源生态湿地是目前全国最大的水源保护湿地之一.为了解已实际运行2.5 a的石臼漾水源生态湿地植被现状,于2010年10～11月,采用样地法和样方法对湿地植被进行了系统调查,以期为水源生态湿地植被管理提供理论支持.对群落的物种组成、多样性变化以及生物质生产量进行了分析.共采集到湿地植物70种,隶属于28...     

科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量关系研究

论文从植被的种丰富度和功能多样性两个方面研究不同沙漠化阶段科尔沁沙地植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量的关系。相关分析表明,在科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段,植物种多样性和沙地草场地上生物量的关系与多样性指数计算的基本单位有关。研究结果显示:①依据一年生、多年生和灌木等生活型为划分标准的功能多样性,在固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数分别为-0.534、-0.574和-0.431。以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物为划分标准的功能多样性,在半固定沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数为0.722。②在不同的沙漠化阶段,生活型多样性与地上生物量的关系呈负相关。说明在不同沙漠化程度的草场中,植物生活型组成的不均匀,有利于提高沙地草场地上生物量。③从不同生活型在各个沙漠化阶段中的种丰富度特征来看,一年生植物最高,多年生植物次之,灌木最低,平均值分别为9(±6.0)、3(±2.6)和1.8(±1.0),说明一年生植物在沙地植被组成中占主导地位。同时,研究结果表明,在不同沙漠化阶段中,以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物划分的功能类型组的平均重要值以C₄植物最高,C₃植物次之,豆科最低,分别为48(±12.3)、39.7(±3.6)和12.3(±14.3),说明C₄类植物在科尔沁沙地植     

三江源地区冬虫夏草采挖对草地植被的影响

在三江源地区冬虫夏草3个产区——青海省黄南藏族自治州泽库县、果洛藏族自治州玛沁县和玉树藏族自治州杂多县设置虫草采挖样地和对照样地,通过样方调查和统计分析,评价冬虫夏草采挖活动对草地植被的影响. 结果表明:冬虫夏草采挖使草地物种多样性、盖度和地上生物量降低,群落优势度升高.由于采挖活动,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数减少了10.3%~12.5%,群落盖度降低了10.6%~19.1%,地上生物量降低了20.7%~46.1%,Berger-Parker优势度指数增加了16.7%~31.8%. 采挖活动未使地下生物量产生显著变化. 植被状况的恶化将影响冬虫夏草的形成过程,因此,应加强冬虫夏草产区的植被保护,以实现资源的可持续利用. 地上生物量对冬虫夏草采挖活动最为敏感,可作为冬虫夏草产区植被保护过程中的首选评价指标. 采挖活动对地上生物量的影响程度与地理位置有关,表明采挖活动的效应具有区域分异特征,冬虫夏草资源保护策略应根据区域特点制订.      

太平湖国家湿地公园生态保育区草本植物区系及其在不同干扰下的多样性动态

为探明人类活动对太平湖国家湿地公园生态保育区草本植物多样性的影响,对该区域草本植物区系及其在不同干扰下的多样性动态进行了调查分析。结果表明:①该区共有草本植物25科,56属,68种,以禾本科(G ram ineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)和菊科(Compositae)为优势科,属的成分相对分散,该区草本植物均为寡种属和单种属,植物区系成分简单;②狗牙根(Cynodondactylon)为湿地公园生态保育区优势种群,在5个样地均形成优势群落,但在不同干扰类型下重要值有所变化;③吴家洲为无人区,狗牙根占绝对优势,植物演替处于初始阶段;④大湖冲农业干扰时间久远,农田杂草向滩涂湿地演替推进,物种α多样性各指数为5样地中最高;⑤轻微游憩活动造成营盘山草本植物多样性各指数较吴家洲高,近期建造的水泥游道、观台和篝火场地等对湿地景观造成了一定破坏;⑥苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)因不被家畜食用、具化感作用,种子可随水和随家畜传播,造成石壁陈苍耳泛滥成灾,形成大面积优势群落,严重影响植被景观多样性和微生态系统的稳定性;⑦乌里村受渔业影响较大,滩地植被稀疏;⑧各样地草本植物β多样性显示,不同干扰类型已经对河口滩地的环境造成了影响,具体环境影响指标还有待于进一步研究。针对太平湖湿地公园生态保育区生物多样性保护存在的主要问题,提出了相应的保护和修复对策。     

A forest pathogen drives change in plant functional trait composition in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region

Plant functional traits weighted by cover-abundance have been used to measure change across a wide range of temperature, moisture and grazing gradients. We use this approach along a chronosequence of disease infestation (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the species-diverse Banksia woodlands of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). We compare the use of absolute (community-weighted totals-CWT) and relative cover data (community-weighted means-CWM) to demonstrate the importance of total cover change in reference to the Mass Ratio Hypothesis.Plant species cover-abundance was recorded along a space-for-time disease chronosequence, and functional trait data collected for the 48 dominant species from healthy vegetation. Six traits with deduced links to key ecosystem functions were measured for each species and values for two indices (CWT and CWM) compared along the disease chronosequence. Trait data was collected on plant height, growth form, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, root pattern and carbohydrate storage.Despite substantial shifts in individual species cover and a reduction in total species cover, the majority of CWM values did not change significantly following disease infestation. The use of relative cover-abundance data disregards important changes in total species cover, apparent from our comparative analysis. In contrast to CWMs, all CWT values were reduced following disease infestation, suggesting a potential reduction in productivity, reduced capacity as a carbon sink and altered site water balance. Verification of these potential changes in ecosystem functions is required using fine-scale quantitative techniques. The CWT index is complementary to traditional CWMs and useful when analysing changes in plant trait data where total species cover changes have been detected. In relation to P. cinnamomi infestation, shifts in CWT trait values indicate the ability of an introduced plant pathogen to have substantial indirect impacts beyond substantial floristic change.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

梁子湖湿地植物多样性现状与评价

根据1999～2001年的野外调查数据,研究了湖北梁子湖湿地浮游藻类和高等植物多样性资源.结果表明,该湿地常见浮游藻类73种,隶属于7门58属(绿藻28种,硅藻19种,蓝藻14种,金藻4种,裸藻3种,甲藻3种,隐藻2种);高等植物282种,隶属于72科183属(苔藓8种,蕨类9种,裸子植物3种,被子植物262种),其中国家重点保护野生植物5种.浮游藻类密度和生物量均值分别为(1163.79913.51)104cell/L和6.1342.737mg/L,叶绿素a含量12.754.98mg/L,浮游藻类表层日生产量1.18～2.29mgO2/(Ld).水生植被繁茂,可划分为12个群丛,群丛单位面积生物量为6.443kg/m_{2;水生植被覆盖率54.27%,单位面积生物量为3.496kg/m2,在同类湖泊中处于中等水平;植被种类复杂,以沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)为优势群落.该湖泊总体上属中营养型水体,仍保持草型湖状态.}     

雅江河谷防沙治沙工程近地表特性——林下植被特性、生物结皮及土壤养分变化特征

采用对比分析和时空互代法,从植被配置模式（杨树+砂生槐、砂生槐、花棒、藏沙蒿）、工程年限（6,10,30a）2个方面,研究了雅鲁藏布江（简称雅江）河谷防沙治沙生态工程实施过程中林下植被特性、地表生物结皮及土壤养分等变化特征.结果表明,工程年限为10a的乔灌（杨树+砂生槐）、灌木（砂生槐、花棒）型样地较草本（藏沙蒿）更有利于提高林下植物多样性,且杨树+砂生槐样地的林下植被地上生物量、枯落物量、地下生物量、土壤有机质、全氮与全磷含量均显著高于其他3种样地.藏沙蒿样地的生物结皮最为发育,花棒样地次之,杨树+砂生槐样地无结皮.随年限延长,杨树+砂生槐样地林下植物多样性、枯落物量、地下生物量、土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量呈增加趋势,生物结皮仅在6a样地中有发育;砂生槐样地地上生物量、地下生物量、生物结皮逐渐增加,但植物多样性、全氮含量呈下降趋势,枯落物量、有机碳及全氮含量呈先增加后减小规律.不同配置模式中,杨树+砂生槐乔灌型样地各项指标综合表现最佳,并随工程年限延长,对促进河谷沙地植被演替、提高植被生产力、提升沙地肥力等作用愈强.建议该区防沙治沙工程中应推广杨树+砂生槐乔灌型模式为主.     

How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition?

Agricultural intensification, at local and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in plant diversity and changes in species composition in cereal fields. To better understand the role of landscape complexity and farming systems in shaping plant assemblages, it is of interest to focus on functional traits rather than on floristic composition, which may help to highlight trends in vegetation patterns. We analysed the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species) at three contrasted field positions (boundary, edge and centre) of 29 organic and 29 conventional cereal fields distributed in 15 agrarian localities of NE Spain. Agricultural intensification affected the biological attributes of the vegetation in dryland Mediterranean cereal fields; local factors (farming system and position) had a more prominent role in affecting plant functional composition than the surrounding landscape. Local factors were important for life form distribution, growth form and pollination type, whereas landscape complexity mainly affected the proportion of wind-dispersed species. Therefore, depending on the objective of the study, it is important to select functional attributes sensitive to the different scales of agricultural intensification, especially because landscape complexity and land-use intensity are commonly related.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg·hm-2(LN)、240 kg·hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期N素含量、N素吸收、N素分配和N素利用效率的影响.结果表明:①农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期植株...     

山西历山山地草甸生物多样性、优势种和土壤因素对群落生产力的影响

自然生态系统生产力同生物多样性、优势种功能性状和土壤性质等多因素紧密关联,因此,受到多变量过程的综合调控。利用结构方程模型研究了山西历山山地草甸物种多样性、功能多样性、优势种功能性状和土壤等多变量因素对群落生产力的影响。结果表明：除了物种多样性外（γ=0.10,P=0.69）,优势种功能性状（γ=0.61,P=0.00）、功能多样性（γ=0.47,P=0.04）和土壤因素（γ=0.34,P=0.02）直接影响群落生产力,并且土壤因素还通过改变优势种功能性状和功能多样性的方式间接影响群落生产力（间接影响系数分别为0.35、0.27）。优势种功能性状是预测群落生产力变化的最佳变量,其次是功能多样性和土壤因素。因此,理解自然生态系统生产力变化应在引入多元方法的前提下,重点考虑优势种功能性状因素。     

天津滨海盐碱湿地土壤种子库特征研究

对天津滨海新区典型盐碱湿地土壤种子库进行了研究。通过选取三个标准样地进行野外调查,采用种子萌发实验确定土壤种子库的活性、种类及数量;对土壤种子库的物种组成和数量、物种多样性指数、相似性指数及时空分布等特征进行分析,结果表明,滨海新区盐碱湿地土壤种子库共有26植物,种子库的密度在6809～30644粒/m2之间;种子库的生态优势度在0.51～0.81之间,多样性指数相对较低,其中Shannon-Wiener指数最高为1.78;土壤种子库与地面植被之间的相似性指数较低,最低为0.21;种子库的垂直分布特征较为明显,其中0～5cm层种子数量最多,种子数量层间差异显著或极显著;此外,还研究了土壤种子库萌发随时间变化的规律,得出其萌发数量随时间变化的曲线,为今后土壤种子库应用于植被恢复提供了参考。     

水生植物重建工程对小柘皋河富营养化水质的净化效果

利用筛选出来的芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin)、茭草〔Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf〕、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl.)、菱角(Trapa natans Linn.)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus Linn.)6个工具物种,在小柘皋河道内进行水生植物群落重建恢复试验工程,并对该河道工程区内的水质进行1 a检测. 结果表明:恢复后小柘皋河植被面积占整个河道的65%～75%,河道水生植物年生产量约1.42×106 kg(以湿质量计),相当于1.98×1012 J(能量);河道内的水生植物都具有一定的抗水力冲击负荷能力,能适应河道污水水质和水量均不稳定的动态变化特征,并对污水中COD_Cr,TN,NO₃--N,TP和NH₄+-N等均有去除作用,去除率平均值分别为23.61%,25.00%,26.37%,32.93%和33.55%.      

Reproducing or dispersing? Using trait based habitat templet models to analyse Orthoptera response to flooding and land use

Habitat templet theory predicts that habitat provides the templet on which evolution shapes species’ multiple traits and thus their characteristic life-history strategies. By analysing entire trait communities (multiple species and traits) in this framework we can enhance our understanding of how species composition changes as environmental constraints vary across the landscape. Here, we study multiple traits of floodplain Orthoptera communities under the influence of two different sources of disturbance, land use and seasonal flooding.The application of two recently developed statistical techniques - qualitative RLQ analysis and subsequent fourth-corner permutation tests - revealed two different life history strategies in Orthoptera as a response to ecological disturbances, resulting from land use management and seasonal flooding. Orthoptera species seem to have developed two complementary strategies: (i) the high active dispersal-low reproduction strategy in intensive land use situations and (ii) the high passive dispersal-high reproduction strategy in areas with high flood disturbance. Disturbance gradients act as trait filters allowing only particular trait combinations i.e. species with particular preadaptations to survive, whereas others go regionally extinct. Reproduction and dispersal capacity seem to be inversely associated with the disturbance gradients. Ovariole number, taken as the measure for reproduction, showed significant phylogenetic signal, which could potentially confound this relationship. Nonetheless, RLQ analyses coupled with fourth-corner permutation tests proved a powerful tool to reveal and disentangle different evolutionary strategies.     

Sex-specific effects of parasites on telomere dynamics in a short-lived passerine—the blue tit

The pollination syndrome concept implies that flowers evolved with particular sets of characteristics, such as colors, shapes, orientations, and rewards, as a means of attracting pollinators. However, these traits may have also evolved to deter unwanted visitors. The North American genus Penstemon exhibits a great floral diversity that is mainly associated with bumblebee and hummingbird pollination. Evolutionary shifts from insect pollination to hummingbird pollination have occurred in Penstemon repeatedly, but some species maintain mixed-pollination systems and intermediate floral traits between bee- and hummingbird-pollination modes. The apparently intermediate floral traits of species with mixed-pollination systems might be potentially acting to deter bumblebee foragers. Then, bird-flower traits might be selected with increased hummingbird visitation over evolutionary time might, resulting in specialization to and the evolution of floral traits present in hummingbird-pollinated species. Here, we modified bee-pollination floral traits in Penstemon gentianoides with a mixed pollination system, to resemble hummingbird-pollination traits, and measured the effects of trait modification on bumblebee foraging behavior and plant female reproductive fitness. Our results showed that reduction in the width of the corolla tube and the absence of the corolla lip negatively affects bumblebee visitation and their efficiency as pollinators, and that the synergistic interaction of both traits enhanced the “anti-bee” effect. We conclude that acquisition of floral traits that resemble those of hummingbird-pollination enables Penstemon plant species to deter bumblebee visits.

     

Long-term dynamics of biomass production, soil chemical properties and plant species composition of alluvial grassland after the cessation of fertilizer application in the Czech Republic

The resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to recover after termination of perturbation, of highly productive Alopecurus grassland was investigated after the cessation of the following long-term fertilizer treatments applied under a two- or three-cut management regime: unfertilized control, PK, N₁₀₀PK, N₂₀₀PK, N₃₀₀PK and N₄₀₀PK. Annual application rates of pure nutrients per hectare were 0–400 kg for N, 40 kg for P and 100 kg for K. The dynamics of biomass production were measured for 16 years and the effect of former fertilizer treatments on soil chemical properties, biomass chemical properties, plant species composition and species richness were investigated 16 years after the last application of fertilizers. It was concluded that 16 years was not long enough to achieve resilience in plant-available soil P and K concentrations, N/P ratios in the plant biomass or plant species composition, but that it was long enough to achieve resilience in species richness. In the case of biomass production the effect of former fertilizer treatments was apparent in 10 of the 16 seasons investigated, indicating that resilience in biomass production must be evaluated using data from more than 1 vegetation season. The results of the study stress the necessity for long-term research because of high year-to-year variability in biomass production as well as long-term after-effects of fertilizer treatments in alluvial grassland.