湖南木兰科新分类群

本文描述了湖南木兰科4个新分类群:重瓣紫玉兰、大叶云山白兰、铜色含笑和凹叶拟单性木兰。     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Research Priorities for Conservation Biology. Soulé, M. E., and Kohm, K.A., editors. 1989.
Evaluation of Biodiversity Projects. Committee on Criteria and Guidelines for the Evaluation of Projects Designed to Protect or Enhance Biodiversity. 1989.
The Ecology of Australia's Wet Tropics. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia. Volume 15. Kitching, R.L., editor 1988.
Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya. Schaller, G. B.
Tiger Moon. Sunquist, F., and Sunquist, M. 1988.
The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Eastern United States. Benyus, J. M. 1989.
The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Western United States. Benyus, J. M. 1989.
Books Received (September 1988-August 1989) (Some of the books in the list below may be reviewed in future issues.)     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Cultural Norms, War and the Environment. Westing, A. H., editor. 1988.
Environmental Warfare: A Technical, Legal and Policy Appraisal. Westing, A. H., editor. 1984.
Herbicides in War: The Longterm Ecological and Human Consequences. Westing, A. H., editor. 1984.
Explosive Remnants of War: Mitigating the Environmental Effects. Westing, A.H., editor. 1985.
Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action. Westing, A. H., editor. 1986.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics. Johnson, L. E.
Discordant Harmonies. Botkin, D. B.
The Preservation and Valuation of Biological Resources. Orians, G. H., Brown, G. M., Kunin, W. E., and Swierzbinski, J. E., editors.
Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Harrison, C. S.
Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation. Robinson, J.G., and Redford, K. H., editors.     

Tropical Mammals

Book reviewed in this article:
The Asian Elephant. Ecology and Management. Sukumar, R.
Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros. Harcourt, C., and J. Thornback.
Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. A Field Guide. Emmons, L. E. with illustrations by Feer, F.
More on Tropical Mammals
The Indian Blackbuck. Ranjitsinh, M. K.
Plant Ecology: A Sheffieldocentric View
Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species. Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G., and Hunt, R.
Ecology in the Service of Development
Race to Save the Tropics: Ecology and Economics for a Sustainable Future. 1990. Goodland, R., editor.
Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia
Government Policies and Deforestation on Brazil's Amazon Region. Mahar, D.J.
"Ancient Forests": Valuable Data, Questionable Conclusions
Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Norse, Elliot A.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity. Norton, Bryan G., ed. 1986.
Conservation of Tidal Marshes. Daiber, F.C. 1986.
The Last Extinction. Kaufman, L.; Mallory, K., eds. 1986.
Biology. Raven, P.H.; Johnson, G.B. 1986.     

Book Reviews

INTERACTIONS OF PLANT RESISTANCE AND PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS by D. J. Boethel and R. D. Eikenbary, Editors. 224 pp. Ellis Horwood Limited 1986. ISBN 0-85312-836-7, £32.50.

ORGANIC TRACE ANALYSIS, by Klaus Beyermann, Translation editor: R. A. Chalmers. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. £35-00. ISBN 0853126380.

CADMIUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Part II: Health Effects. Edited by Jerome O. Nriagu. 908p. Wiley-Interscience, New York and Chichester. £85.00. I.S.B.N. 0-471-0554.     

米氏凯伦藻对蒙古裸腹溞的毒性及致毒途径分析

米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi Hasen)是一种典型的鱼毒性赤潮藻,近年来在我国频繁爆发,给水产养殖业带了严重的经济损失.在实验室条件下,采用混合培养、隔离培养等手段研究了米氏凯伦藻及不同细胞组分对枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)摄食与生存的影响,分析了其致毒途径.结果表明,随着混合...     

几种天敌对麦蚜蜜露的行为反应

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜蜜露的主要糖分为果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及两种未知糖分．其中前者以蔗糖含量最高，后者则不含蔗糖．其游离氨基酸种类基本相同，但后者蜜露中未鉴定出苏氨酸；除丙氨酸和组氨酸外，麦长管蚜中各类氨基酸的含量明显高于禾谷缢管蚜，其中单头麦长管蚜日分泌氨基酸量以亮氨酸和丙氨酸最高，分别达到了0．204 7ng和0．137 7ng，而禾谷缢管蚜以丙氨酸和亮氨酸最高，分别达到了0．154 3ng和0．102 5ng．随着蜜露含量的增加，各天敌的搜索与滞留时间显著延长，但逐渐趋于平缓，基本符合逻辑斯蒂增长．燕麦蚜茧蜂在两种蚜虫蜜露上的搜索与滞留时间差异显著，而瓢虫与草蛉类的搜索与滞留时间差异不显著，说明蜜露对捕食性和寄生性天敌的影响不同．图3表1参13     

Bioclimatic characteristic of oak species Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis and Quercus petraea subsp. pinnatiloba in Turkey

This study was carried out to determine some bioclimatic characteristics such as humidity category (Q2), winter variant (m), the length of the dry season (LDS) and the dry season water deficit (DSWD) of naturally growing two endemic oak taxa, Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis and Q. petraea subsp. pinnatiloba, living in Turkey. Our findings showed that bioclimatic tolerance range of Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis possess 7 different types of Mediterranean bioclimate while Q. petraea subsp. pinnatiloba had 8 of them. Although Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis was ranging among the semiarid, freezing and very cold, Q. petraea subsp. pinnatiloba was among sub-humid, freezing and very cold ambient. It was briefly established that Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis prefers semi-arid and very cold/freezing conditions and Q. petraea subsp. pinnatiloba prefers sub-humid and cold/very cold climatic conditions.     

安徽沿江地区4种蛇的染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究

本文报道游蛇亚科４种蛇的核型、Ｃ带和ＡｇＮＯＲｓ,结果：黄链蛇２ｎ＝４６．虎斑游蛇２ｎ＝４０,第４号染色体（Ｎｏ．４）有随体．鸟梢蛇和紫灰锦蛇２ｎ＝３６,鸟梢蛇的Ｎｏ．５短臂近着丝粒区有一次缢痕．虎斑游蛇Ｎｏ．５为性染色体,其余３种的性染色体为Ｎｏ．４．这４种蛇均为ＡＦ＝５０;Ｃ带型的种属性特征明显,其中紫灰锦蛇的端粒型Ｃ带特别发育,其余三种以着丝粒Ｃ带较发达．黄链蛇、虎斑游蛇和紫灰锦蛇的Ｗ染色体Ｃ带正染呈现整条异染色质化;银染结果４种蛇均只显示一对ＮＯＲｓ,但其分布不同,其中虎斑游蛇ＮＯＲｓ呈异态现象．文章讨论了核型的演化和次缢痕、ＮＯＲｓ及Ｃ带的关系     

川西山区苹果属（Malus）植物野生种表型相似性和地理亲缘

用表型数量分析方法，结合地理分布对川西苹果属11个野生种进行研究，探讨其种间关系与地理分布的联系．得结论如下：1．不同系数的WPGMA和UPGMA聚类结果基本相同．表型数量骤类分析能大体反映近缘种间的亲缘关系；2．滇池海棠与沧江海棠在形态上高度相似，聚类图上极靠近，分布上相重叠，在塑定上有时感到困难；3．花叶海棠与变叶海棠和稻城海棠与小金海棠，从表型及分布上看显然是地理替代种；4．本文所列各种，大都分属两大植物区系范围内，例如花叶海棠属中国-日本区东范围内，变叶海棠属中国-喜马拉雅区系范围内；5．发现沿康定-理塘-巴塘（约（N）30°）存在一条南北物种分布的分界地带线，称康-巴线；沿岷江上游和大渡河流域也存在一条明显的地带线，称岷江-大渡河带，这一带就是中国-喜马拉雅区系和中国-日本区系的交界地带，通过这一地带有些向南分布的种可以越过康-巴线以东地区到达金沙江边，向北分布的种有时也可越过康-巴线以东达到岷江上游。在这南北和东西交界带上，不同物种会集，无疑是物种分化以及种质渗入十分活跃的地带；6．与其它地区相比较，四川西部山区是我国野生苹果植物分化的多样中心。     

Imperfect Replacement of Native Species by Non‐Native Species as Pollinators of Endemic Hawaiian Plants

Native plant species that have lost their mutualist partners may require non‐native pollinators or seed dispersers to maintain reproduction. When natives are highly specialized, however, it appears doubtful that introduced generalists will partner effectively with them. We used visitation observations and pollination treatments (experimental manipulations of pollen transfer) to examine relationships between the introduced, generalist Japanese White‐eye (Zosterops japonicus) and 3 endemic Hawaiian plant species (Clermontia parviflora, C. montis‐loa, and C. hawaiiensis). These plants are characterized by curved, tubular flowers, apparently adapted for pollination by curve‐billed Hawaiian honeycreepers. Z. japonicus were responsible for over 80% of visits to flowers of the small‐flowered C. parviflora and the midsize‐flowered C. montis‐loa. Z. japonicus‐visited flowers set significantly more seed than did bagged flowers. Z. japonicus also demonstrated the potential to act as an occasional Clermontia seed disperser, although ground‐based frugivory by non‐native mammals likely dominates seed dispersal. The large‐flowered C. hawaiiensis received no visitation by any birds during observations. Unmanipulated and bagged C. hawaiiensis flowers set similar numbers of seeds. Direct examination of Z. japonicus and Clermontia morphologies suggests a mismatch between Z. japonicus bill morphology and C. hawaiiensis flower morphology. In combination, our results suggest that Z. japonicus has established an effective pollination relationship with C. parviflora and C. montis‐loa and that the large flowers of C. hawaiiensis preclude effective visitation by Z. japonicus. Remplazo Imperfecto de Especies Nativas por Especies No‐Nativas como Polinizadores de Plantas Endémicas de Hawaii     

In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed extracts against acne inducing bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes

This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of common seaweeds from the coast of South Korea against the etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Fifty-seven species of seaweed were screened for potential antimicrobial activity. Methanol extracts of 13 species (22.8%) showed inhibitory effects against Propionibacterium acnes. The aqueous extracts of only two species (3.5%) showed antimicrobial activity. When tested with the agar disk diffusion method, Ecklonia cava, E. kurome, Ishige sinicola, and Symphyocladia latiuscula had the strongest inhibitory effects. However, these four seaweed extracts showed no antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis at 5 mg disk-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of E. cava and E. kurome were both 0.31 mg ml-1 and the MIC values of l. sinicola and S. latiuscula were 0.26 and 0.21 mg ml-1, respectively. Among whole plants of E. cava and E. kurome, extracts of the pinnate blade had the highest inhibitory activity on bacterial growth. In cytotoxicity assays, methanol extracts of E. cava, E. kurome, and I. sinicola showed no effect on cell viability at concentrations of 200 microg ml-1. However, the methanol extracts of S. latiuscula reduced cell viability rates to 50% at the same concentration. Additionally, methanol extracts of E. cava, E. kurome, and I. sinicola potently inhibited the in vitro production of nitric oxide. These results suggest that the methanol extracts from these three species may be useful in the development of therapeutic agents for acne vulgaris. Further investigations to determine the bioactive compound are in progress.     

Book Reviews

D. I. Wilson and A. N. Clarke (1994) Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation. 567 Pp. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (Isbn 0-8247-8980-6), Price £ 108.85.

Symposium Mediterranean Seas 2000, Norberto F.-R. Della Croce (Editor), 489 Pp. Istituto Scienze Ambientali Marine 1993.

Organic Substances in Soil and Water: Natural Constituents and Their Influences On Contaminant Behaviour. Edited By A. J. Beck, K. C. Jones, M. H. B. Hayes and U. Mingelgrin. Published By the Royal Society of Chemistry (Special Publication No. 135), 1993, Isbn 0-85186-635-2, 200pp. Price £55.00

Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment, H. F. Hemond and E. J. Fechner, Publ. Academic Press Inc., London, 1994. Isbn 0-12-340270-0, 338 Pp., $49.95

Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Alexander, A. (1994) 302 Pp. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, Isbn 0-12-049860-X, £38.00.     

鱼类镰刀菌的研究Ⅲ：几种药物对鱼类镰刀菌的抑制作用

研究发现制霉素（14．4～16．0mg·L－1）、K制剂（4．0mp·L－1）和孔雀绿（3，0～40mp·L-1）对镰刀菌Fu2和尖F1抑制效果好，而对Fu1-2抑制效果差；优氯净（2．0mg·L－1）能抑制Fu1-2，而不抑制Fu2和尖F1；龙胆紫（1．0mg·L-1）可抑制尖F1，而不抑制Fu2和Fu1-2制霉素对鱼毒性最小，而孔雀绿毒性最大．     

Book Reviews

SOVIET SCIENCE REVIEWS-SECTION B., CHEMISTRY REVIEWS. Edited by M. E. Vol'pin. Volume 5. Organofluorine Chemistry pp 397. Volume 6. Organophosphorous Chemistry pp 442. OPA Ltd., for Harwood Academic Publishers, 1984. $170 each. Hardback. ISBN 3-7186-0139-7 and ISBN 3-7186-0139-7.

CURRENT TOPICS IN CHINESE SCIENCE-SECTION B., CHEMISTRY. Volume 2, pp 572 and Volume 3, pp 563. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1984. $64 and $68 both soft covers. ISBN 0-677-06230-3 and ISBN 0-677-40385-2.

THE EXPORT OF HAZARD. Transnational Corporations and Environmental Control Issues. edited by Jane H. Ives. 229 pp. Routledge and Kegan Paul: Boston, London and Henley. £14.95. ISBN 07102 0072 2

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY by Peter O'Neill. 232 pp. Allen and Unwin 1985. ISBN 0-04-551085-7, £20. ISBN 0-04-551086-5 Pbk, £8.95.     

Seasonal changes in population of some selected earthworm species and soil nutrients in cultivated agroecosystem

Studies were conducted on population dynamics of Metaphire posthuma, Lampito mauritii and Dichogaster bolaui in cultivated pedoecosystem of desert region of Rajasthan. The populations of aclitellate and clitellate M. posthuma, L. mauritii and D. bolaui were maximum in rainy season and minimum in summer season. The abundant population of these worms were found during the months of July to October. The species M. posthuma breed throughout the year except in extreme summer but L. mauritii breed twice in a year in the field. However, D. bolaui breed once in a year. Among these earthworm species D. bolaui with relative density of 44.2% was the most dominant species in cultivated land while L. mauritii and M. posthuma contributed 33.3% and 22.5% of density, respectively. The total population of earthworms showed significant positive correlation with different soil nutrients.     

对甘薯茎线虫具有杀虫活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌筛选及特性鉴定

为筛选对甘薯茎线虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株,提取12株供试Bt菌株的晶体蛋白,溶解后加入到甘薯茎线虫悬浮液中,统计3 d和7 d后甘薯茎线虫的死亡率.经初筛和复筛后得到一株对甘薯茎线虫具有高毒力的Bt菌株YBT-008,其对甘薯茎线虫的LC50值为203.76μg/mL.研究了YBT-008的生物学特性,结果表明,YBT-008在LB培养基上培养约12 h后进入稳定期,并且伴随芽胞的形成产生卵圆形的伴胞晶体;SDS-PAGE分析表明YBT-008可产生多种待鉴定的晶体蛋白类型,质粒检测显示该菌株有5条质粒条带.YBT-008的获得为利用Bt防治甘薯茎线虫提供了新型菌株和基因资源.     

濒危植物矮牡丹种群生物量的研究

对矮牡丹种群生物量的研究表明，矮牡丹地上无性小株的叶、茎干和根系的生物量可分别用m1（DW）＝－0．232＋000771A，ms（DW）＝0．370＋0．18000（D2H1），mr（DW）＝1．54＋0．000338（AH1）来表示象矮牡丹这种似棕榈型生长型的小灌木，植冠面积容易测得，用植冠面积进行叶重的模拟最为准确随年龄的增长，矮牡丹种群各部分生物量都呈指数模式增长