Degradation of azo dyes in water by Electro-Fenton process

The degradation of the azo dyes azobenzene, p-methyl red and methyl orange in aqueous solution at room temperature has been studied by an advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOPs) under potential-controlled electrolysis conditions, using a Pt anode and a carbon felt cathode. The electrochemical production of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) allows a controlled in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (^·OH) by simultaneous reduction of dioxygen and ferrous ions on the carbon felt electrode. In turn, hydroxyl radicals react with azo dyes, thus leading to their mineralization into CO₂ and H₂O. The chemical composition of the azo dyes and their degradation products during electrolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following degradation products were identified: hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, 4-nitrocatechol, 1,3,5-trihydroxynitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. Degradation of the initial azo dyes was assessed by the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Kinetic analysis of these data showed a pseudo-first order degradation reaction for all azo dyes. A pathway of degradation of azo dyes is proposed. Specifically, the degradation of dyes and intermediates proceeds by oxidation of azo bonds and aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals. The results display the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade organic matter. Electronic Publication     

Structural effect on photocatalytic degradation of metallised azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspension

Three metallised azo dyes were investigated under TiO₂‐photocatalytic and photosensitised conditions in aqueous buffering solutions. The degradation follows apparent first‐order kinetics. The size and strength of intramolecular conjugation determine the light‐fastness of the investigated dyes. Compared with ¹O₂ produced in photosensitised process, the more powerful *OH radicals in TiCO₂ photocatalytic process are highly reactive towards the investigated azo dyes. And as a result, the TiO₂‐photocatalysis makes little less distinction in the degradation kinetic data of the azo dyes compared with the photosensitised degradation of them.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus algicola</Emphasis> decolourises more than 95% of some textile azo dyes

Textile effluents in natural waters pose environmental health problems if not treated to safe limits. Various bacterial species have the potential to degrade dyes. Here we studied the ability of Bacillus algicola to decolourise red, blue and yellow azo dyes. B. algicola was isolated from soil samples taken from a sanitary landfill site. Isolation and screening were performed using mineral salt medium. Dye-decolourising isolates were assessed in their capacity to decolourise dyes. Experiments were conducted at pH 6, 7 and 8, and 25, 35 and 45 °C. Phytotoxicity of the dyes and biodegradation products was assessed by seed germination tests. Results show that B. algicola gave the highest decolourisation at pH 8.0 and 25 °C in the presence of yeast extract as media supplement. B. algicola degraded the red and blue azo dyes by over 95%. The phytotoxicity results indicated that biodegradation products of the red and blue azo dyes were not toxic. Biodegradation products of the yellow dye were, however, toxic and considerably hindered germination. From these results, we infer that B. algicola has good potential for degrading and decolourising the red and blue test azo dyes.     

Decolorization and degradation of acid dyes mediated by salt fractionated turnip ( Brassica rapa ) peroxidases

Peroxidases from turnip roots (524?U?g^?1 of vegetable) were highly effective in decolorizing acid dyes having wide spectrum chemical groups. Dye solutions, containing 40–170?mg?dye?L^?1, were treated by turnip peroxidases (TP) (specific activity of 122.0?U?mg^?1 proteins). These enzymes were able to decolorize most of the acid dyes in the presence of 2.0?mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT). Increasing concentration of enzyme and time in the absence of HOBT did not influence dye decolorization. The rate of decolorization was significantly enhanced when HOBT was added to the decolorizing solutions. The decolorization of all the used dyes was maximum at pH 5.0 and 40°C. Complex mixtures of dyes were significantly decolorized when treated with enzyme in the presence of HOBT (2.0?mM). Phytotoxicity test based on Allium cepa root growth inhibition has shown that majority of the TP-treated dye product were not more toxic than their parent dye. Kinetic parameters of the TP with various dyes showed that this enzyme has highest affinity for Acid Yellow 42. This study demonstrates that the peroxidase/mediator system was an effective biocatalyst for the treatment of industrial effluents from textile, dye manufacturing, dyeing and printing industries or complex mixtures of dyes.     

High adsorption of dyes by water hyacinth fixed on alginate

Pollution from synthetic dyes has emerged to be a significant environmental issue over the past few decades. This has mainly been triggered by the increasing global dye production, possible toxic effects, undesirable colour and high persistence in the environment. Biosorption, which involves dye removal from aqueous solution by passive linkage in live and dead biomass, has shown great potential in removing dyes from aquatic environments. Among aquatic macrophytes, water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, has shown great potential as a biosorbent. In this work, we investigated the removal of two basic dyes, methylene blue and crystal violet, using E. crassipes immobilized on alginate. Results showed that the Langmuir model better described the equilibrium sorption data when compared to the Freundlich model. Optimum amounts of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes were adsorbed in the alkaline pH range (8–10), 8 % biomass dose, and the amount of dye removed increased with increasing initial dye concentration. The equilibrium monocomponent adsorption capacities for the dyes were 111.1 and 43.5 mg/g, while the binary adsorption capacities were 26.1 and 11.6 mg/g for methylene blue and crystal violet, respectively. To conclude, we show for the first time that E. crassipes fixed on alginate beads can uptake and adsorb methylene blue and crystal violet dyes very effectively in batch systems and show great potential for dye removal from aquatic environments.     

Polyurethane for removal of organic dyes from textile wastewater

Synthetic organic dyes are extensively used in consumer products from textile to pharmaceuticals. A large amount of organic dyes is ultimately discharged as effluent into water bodies, thus posing a serious threat to environment and life. Therefore, removal of dyes from water bodies is needed. To address this problem, various synthetic and natural materials have been used to adsorb dyes. Here, we review the application of polyurethane for removal of organic dyes. First, we review the application of simple and modified polyurethane as efficient and economic adsorbents for dyes. Secondly, we review the polyurethane-based membranes for separation and adsorption of various dyes. Thirdly, we describe polyurethane composites with improved efficiency of dyes removal. Finally, we review the bioremediation of dyes where polyurethane has been proven as an excellent inert support.     

七种染料对鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶的诱导

以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系，研究了七种染料化合物对其芳烃羟化酶（AHH）的诱导，发现七种染料都可诱导AHH的活性，随染料浓度增大AHH的活性升高。七种染料对AHH活性诱导能力大小为：酸性红B＞派拉丁蓝RRN＞普拉红B＞活性艳红K－2BP＞活性艳红K－2G，媒介大红S－80＞分散红E－4B，与其毒性大小相关。     

NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料的吸附性能

通过间歇式试验研究NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的吸附脱色性能。结果表明,酸性条件下该改性木屑对3种染料均具有较好的脱色效果。在初始pH值为3时,3种染料的吸附脱色率均表现为随温度升高而逐渐降低,随改性木屑用量的增加而增加的趋势;而随染料初始浓度的增大,表现出先升高后降低的趋势。在初始pH值为3、温度为298 K条件下,3种染料在改性锯木屑上的等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型,KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的最大饱和吸附量分别为22.32、10.47和14.93 mg.g-1,吸附自由能ΔG298 K分别为-12.61、-9.77和-14.45 kJ.mol-1,均为物理性自发吸附过程。试验条件下,KN-R、KN-B和K-2BP的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学吸附方程,吸附速率常数依次减小。综合等温吸附和吸附动力学研究结果表明,3种染料的脱色效果以KN-R为最好,KN-B次之,K-2BP最差。     

Adsorption anionischer Azofarbstoffe an Boden/Sediment

The adsorption behavior of three anionic azo dyes (Acid Orange 6, Acid Orange 10 andAcid Orange 12) on different soil/sediment components (quartz sand, clay and organic matter) was investigated with a flow-through method using a simplified HPLC apparatus. Organic matter had the highest adsorption capacity for all three dyes, followed by clay and sand. The adsorption on different components in mixtures was not additive. The adsorption of similar aniomic azo dyes decreased with increasing negative charge. The affinity of equally charged dye molecules to the adsorbents was also strongly influenced by the remaining chemical structure. While adsorption on organic matter could always be described by Freundlich isotherms, S-shaped isotherms were often measured with quartz sand and clay. For that reason one must assume different adsorption mechanisms for organic matter and mineral adsorbens. Lower pH values always led to stronger adsorption of the anionic azo dyes. On the other hand, ionic strength effects cannot be characterized so clearly. Adsorption was generally lowered by decreasing ionic strengths but sometimes the opposite effect was observed. Moreover, there were some unusual cases of partly irreversible adsorption on quartz sand and organic matter when the dyes were not dissolved in an aqueous solution containing additional inorganic ions but in double distilled water. The adsorption of anionic azo dyes on soil and sediment materials turned out to be a very complex process. Although some interesting coherences could be pointed out, much more research is required to recognize general principles, concerning for example the influence of the chemical structure or the surrounding aqueous solution.     

Selection and development of efficient consortia for decolorization of metal complex dyes

Decolorization of 18 different metal complex acid dyes was studied with 11 bacterial consortia. Five consortia and five dyes were selected on the basis of maximum decolorization. Among the parameters for optimization, nutrient broth was preferred by all bacterial consortia but one of them showed significant decolorization with Bushnell and Haas medium with or without glucose and yeast extract; hence, this consortium was selected for further studies. Decolorization efficiency was adversely affected beyond 200 mg/L dye and 2% NaCl concentration. Treatment efficiency was increased 2-fold using a developed consortium as compared to original consortium. Changes in the UV-Vis spectra and considerable reduction in chemical oxygen demand of selected metal complex dyes after decolorization prove the efficiency of the consortium for its use. Decolorization of a broad range of metal complex dyes at pH 7.5 ± 0.5, 35 ± 2 °C, and static conditions promises the use of the developed consortium for industrial wastewater treatment.     

染料结构与其絮凝脱色效果关系的探讨

在对活性、酸性和碱性等 1 0种水溶性染料水样絮凝脱色和平衡渗析实验数据进行分析的基础上 ,初步探讨了染料结构与其絮凝脱色率之间的定性关系。PAN -DCD絮凝剂对 1 0种染料的最佳脱色pH范围 <5,尤其在pH值 <4更佳。在最佳pH条件下 ,絮凝剂加入量增加 ,脱色率升高。染料分子上磺酸基数目多者脱色效果好 ,分子中疏水性基团大则脱色率高 ,含蒽醌环的染料脱色率大于萘环者 ,也大于含苯环者。     

Catalytic reduction of vat and sulfur dyes with hydrogen

Vat and sulfur dyes must be reduced to their leuco forms before application. Since this process is currently carried out using irreversible reducing chemicals, it involves high economic and environmental costs. Here we show that reduction can alternatively be performed in an alkaline bath at room temperature by using H₂ activated by a Pd catalyst. Sulfur dyes are thus directly reduced, whereas vat dyes require an electron transfer mediator. This alternative reaction can also be driven using H₂ at sub-atmospheric pressures. It further avoids all drawbacks raised by electrolytic reductions, so far suggested as alternative green processes.     

Natural dyes and antimicrobials for green treatment of textiles

Increasing studies on extraction, purification and modification processes of natural dyes and antimicrobials, and their subsequent application on textiles demonstrate the revival of natural dyeing and finishing. Natural dyes have been widely used in textile coloration since ancient times. But, with advent of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-nineteenth century, the dye market has been captured due to a variety of competitive properties of synthetic dyes against natural ones such as lower cost, higher fastness, color variety, ability to dye synthetic fibers and availability in large industrial scale. However, most of the synthetic dyes raise some serious problems in human health and cause environmental risks. Due to these drawbacks along with the growing awareness about cleaner surroundings and healthy lifestyle, there has been recently a worldwide interest in the production and application of dyes from two natural sources, plants and microorganisms. Most of these natural dyes have also inherently antimicrobial properties and could consequently possess high medicinal activity. They are extracted from different types of microorganisms as well as various parts of the plants that contain coloring materials such as tannin, flavonoids and quinonoids. Here we review the latest scientific researches on extraction and application of natural dyes/antimicrobials on textiles as effective coloring and antibacterial agents. First, different methods of extraction of natural dyes/antimicrobials will be discussed, and then, current methods of textile treatments and examples of early applications of these dyes on textile processing, properties achieved and the results obtained will be presented.     

Chitosan-polypropylene imine dendrimer hybrid: a new ecological biomordant for cochineal dyeing of wool

The classical use of synthetic dyes is causing issues of environmental pollution and heath risk. As a consequence natural dyes are gaining interest, but the use of natural dyes still includes toxic reagents such as metals as mordants and acids to enhance color and yield. Therefore, we designed a new chitosan-polypropylene imine dendrimer hybrid at 0–2000 mg/L to treat wool before dyeing with cochineal. We compared dye exhaustion, color depth, color characteristics, and color fastness of the new process with dyed pristine and metal mordanted wool. Results show that wool pretreatment improved dye exhaustion from 48 to 88 %, shifted saturation point toward lower dye concentration from 3000 to 1000 mg/L, and improved color depth from 13.68 for pristine wool and 15.17 for metal mordanted wool to 23.89 for the new process.     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐茵对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中自腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料（孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫）的降解特性．结果表明，白腐菌10d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93％以上．染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用．随着培养过程的进行，染料脱色率增加，脱色降解以漆酶为主．紫外扫描发现，染料吸收波长有偏移，标志着染料结构发生变化，其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化．图2表2参10     

Mutagenicity assessment of textile dyes from Sanganer (Rajasthan)

Sanganer town, district Jaipur (Rajasthan, India) is famous worldwide for its hand block dyeing and textile printing industries. These industries use a variety of chemicals and dyes during processing and finishing of raw materials. Most of the textile dyes used by these industries have not been evaluated for their impact on health and the environment. The workers in these industries are exposed to such dyes with no control over the length and frequency of exposure. Further, untreated and sometimes even treated effluents from these industries are released into surface waters of Amani Shah drainage or through the drainage systems, seep into the ground water and adjoining water bodies. Since many textile dyes are known carcinogens and mutagens, a complete evaluation of the safety of these dyes in the human environment must include an evaluation of their genotoxicity or mutagenicity. A total of 12 textile dyes from Sanganer were tested for their mutagenicity, by Ames Salmonella reversion assay using strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Only 1 dye, Red 12 B showed absence of mutagenic activity. The remaining 11 dyes were all positively mutagenic.     

氧化型染发剂对沙蚕的毒性效应及对部分酶活性的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了氧化型染发剂对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhiteusis Grube)的急性毒性效应及不同暴露浓度(0、40、80、160、320mg·L-1)和暴露时间(0、4、6、8、10d)下对其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,1)暴露3d后氧化型染发剂对沙蚕的半数致死浓度(LC50)为1849.6mg·L-1;2)沙蚕体内AChE和SOD活性受到氧化型染发剂暴露浓度的显著影响:暴露3d后,随暴露浓度的升高(0～320mg·L-1),AChE和SOD活性均呈先被诱导后逐渐下降的变化趋势;3)沙蚕体内AChE和SOD活性也受到暴露时间的显著影响:40mg·L-1浓度下,随暴露时间的延长(0～10d),SOD活性呈先下降又缓慢上升的趋势,而AChE活性变化没有显著规律;4)通过比较发现,相对于AChE,SOD的活性变化更能反映氧化型染发剂对沙蚕的毒性作用.     

Adsorptive removal of direct dyes by PEI-treated peanut husk biomass: Box–Behnken experimental design

This paper reports the application of Box-Behnken experimental design to illustrate the adsorption of direct dyes (Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN) using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-treated peanut husk biomass. The effect of three independent variables (initial dyes concentration, biosorbent dose and pH) was investigated during the study. Maximum biosorption capacity (141 and 98.2 mg/g) of PEI-pretreated biomass was achieved with 200 mg/L initial dye concentration and 0.05 g/50 mL biomass dose for Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively. Acidic pH was found to be favourable for maximum dyes removal. Characterisation of biosorbent was carried out through Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and point of zero charge determination. FT-IR analyses confirmed the involvement of carboxylic and carbonyl groups. The desorption study was also conducted to check out the possibility of regeneration of dyes and adsorbent and it was found that 51.58 and 76.6% of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively, can be desorbed from the loaded biosorbent by using 1 M NaOH solution. The results indicated that PEI-treated peanut husk biomass can be used as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN dyes from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption in combination with ozonation for the treatment of textile waste water: a critical review

Intrusion of synthetic textile dyes in the ecosystem has been recognized as a serious issue worldwide. The effluents generated from textiles contain large amount of recalcitrant unfixed dyes which are regarded as emerging contaminants in the field of waste water study. Removal of various toxic dyes often includes diverse and complex set of physico-chemical, biological and advanced oxidation processes adopted for treatment. Adsorption in itself is a well-known technique utilized for treatment of textile effluents using a variety of adsorbents. In addition, ozonation deals with effective removal of dyes using high oxidising power of ozone. The review summarizes dye removal study by a combination of ozonation and adsorption methods. Also, to acquire an effective interpretation of this combined approach of treating wastewater, a thorough study has been made which is deliberated here. Results assert that, with the combined ability of ozone and a catalyst/adsorbent, there is high possibility of total elimination of dyes from waste water. Several synthetically prepared materials have been used along with few natural materials during the combined treatment. However, considering practical applicability, some areas were identified during the study where work needs to be done for effective implementation of the combined treatment.

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