Chromium-induced membrane damage: protective role of ascorbic acid

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｈｒｏｍｉｕｍｐｌａｙｓｄｕａｌｒｏｌｅｉｎｎａｔｕｒｅ .Ｔｈｅｃｈｒｏｍｉｕｍ (Ⅲ )ｉｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｇｌｕｃｏｓｅａｎｄｌｉｐｉｄｍｅｔａｂｏｌｉｓｍ(Ｃｈｏｒｖａｔｏｖｉｃｏｖａ ,1993) .Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ ,ｅｘｃｅｓｓｉｖｅｉｎｔａｋｅｏｆｃｈｒｏｍｉｕｍ (Ⅵ )ｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓａｒｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｔｏｘｉｃａｎｄｃａｒｃｉｎｏｇｅｎｉｃｔｏｔｈｅｂｏｄｙ (ＤｅＦｌｏｒａ ,1990 ) .Ｈｅｐａｔｉｃａｎｄｒｅｎａｌｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｉｓｔｈｅｍｏ…     

抗坏血酸-钼蓝分光光度法测定海藻中磷的研究探讨

常规的测磷方法显色时间缓慢,效果不明显,易受环境等因素的影响且不稳定.本文选用湿法消解海带标准样品,并通过多组试验对比,利用抗坏血酸-钼蓝分光光度法(改良的亚硫酸钠还原法)对海带标准样品中总磷进行测定,同时对加剂顺序、显色时间、显色温度及其他可能影响显色效果的因素进行了探讨.试验结果表明,该法显色快速,操作简便,颜色稳定,是一种快速、准确的试验方法;同时不受盐度的影响,适用于海藻中总磷的测定.     

抗坏血酸存在条件下NO2-对玉米植株镉胁迫的缓解作用

植物所吸收的Cd通过与关键的代谢途径、蛋白质的羧基和硫巯基相互作用,或者通过诱导活性氧的迸发而对植物产生毒害作用.大多数植物甚至暴露于低浓度的Cd就会引起明显的中毒症状,因此,揭示缓解Cd胁迫/或提高重金属污染土壤上作物的生产力是一个刻不容缓的问题.植物中的气体多功能信号分子一氧化氮(NO)被证明广泛参与了植物对Cd胁迫的响应和调节,但由于受到成本等因素的限制,其在生产中的应用还不成熟.因此,本文以玉米为实验材料,系统地研究了酸性条件下由抗坏血酸(Vc)和亚硝酸盐(NO-2)反应所产生的NO对植株遭受Cd胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明,10 mmol·L-1的Vc和浓度为0、500、1000、1500、2000、3000、4000、5000μmol·L-1的NaNO2分别进行反应,其缓解Cd胁迫的作用呈先促进后抑制的现象,NaNO2最佳浓度为3000μmol·L-1.与对照相比,适度的Vc+NO-2预处理能够显著增加Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,相应地减少了活性氧过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O-·2)的积累,降低了膜脂的过氧化伤害.Vc+NO-2还能显著地缓解由Cd造成的叶片黄化现象,维持叶片叶绿素含量的相对稳定;能够在重金属胁迫下增强植物螯合重金属离子的能力,减缓重金属对植株生长发育和生理代谢的影响.由于具有价格低廉且来源方便的特点,Vc+NO-2来源的NO在大田作物抵抗Cd胁迫中具有潜在的应用价值.     

PASP、PAA与PBTCA阻垢性能的对比实验研究

采用静态阻垢法研究了聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)和2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)对碳酸钙和硫酸钙的阻垢性能,并用旋转挂片法研究了3种阻垢剂作用下湿法石灰脱硫浆液系统的结垢规律.研究发现:随着阻垢剂浓度的增加,3种阻垢剂都表现出溶限效应;相同实验条件下,3种阻垢剂对碳酸钙的静态阻垢性能表现为PBTCA>PAA>PASP;对中性和碱性环境,pH对阻垢剂阻硫酸钙垢的性能影响较小;随着温度的升高和反应时间的延长,3种阻垢剂阻硫酸钙的阻垢率先增大后减小;对湿法石灰脱硫浆液系统,3种阻垢剂作用下,单位面积挂片上的结垢量均是随着阻垢剂质量浓度的增大先增大后减小,在浓度达到30mg/L时,挂片上的结垢量都很小.     

Conversion regular patterns of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in UASB reactor

On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used, the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly.Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate‘s conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate‘s conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates‘ conversion. The ethanol-type fermentation of the acidogenicophase is the optimal acid-type fermentation for the two-phase anaerobic process.     

邻苯二甲酸和苯甲酸在功能化碳纳米管上的吸附行为

在pH7.0的条件下,采用批量平衡方法研究邻苯二甲酸（PA）和苯甲酸（BA）在3种不同功能化碳纳米管（羟基化H-CNTs、羧基化C-CNTs和石墨化G-CNTs）上的吸附/解吸行为,并进一步探究共存BA对PA在碳纳米管上吸附的影响.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich模型均可对PA和BA在3种碳纳米管上的吸附数据进行较好的非线性拟合,其中Freundlich模型拟合效果更好（Adj r²均达到0.88以上）;3种碳纳米管对PA和BA的吸附能力大小均依次为：C-CNTs > H-CNTs > G-CNTs;解吸实验中,C-CNT和H-CNTs对BA和PA的解吸均具有明显的滞后现象,说明BA和PA在C-CNT和H-CNTs上的吸附有较强化学作用力的发生,而G-CNTs对二者的解吸曲线与吸附曲线几乎重合,不具有明显的滞后现象,这与G-CNTs表面缺乏官能团有关;当PA和BA共存在时,以PA为主要吸附质,BA为竞争吸附质,发现在H-CNTs和C-CNTs上,共存BA对PA为竞争作用,而在G-CNTs上,共存BA对PA起协同吸附作用.     

邻苯二甲酸酯及邻苯二甲酸在碳管上的吸附

以邻苯二甲酸（PA）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）为目标污染物,碳纳米管（CNTs）为吸附剂,通过不同pH值条件下单、双溶质的吸附实验,结合能量分布理论,分析PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代吸附.结果表明,在同一pH值下,DEP在CNTs上的吸附性强于PA.对于DEP,pH值改变导致的CNTs分散稳定性的变化是影响其吸附的决定因素.对于PA,溶液pH值会影响CNTs的表面电荷及PA的解离程度,两者均会产生影响.双溶质体系下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的吸附存在竞争和取代效应.在不同pH值条件下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代的程度与CNTs的分散稳定性和PA的解离程度有关.基于能量分布的分析表明,虽然PA的加入导致DEP在CNTs上可利用的高能吸附位点数量显著下降,但是其可利用的低能吸附位点数量增加.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents

Both bottle-point and column-feeding experiments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes. The adsorption towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the π-π interaction, while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction. Additionally, the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component. Comparatively, the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component. In fact, the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent. In conclusion, the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment. A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foreseeably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(8): 570–574 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water

This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5–7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5–7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.