北京城市副中心典型海绵体地表水与地下水交互作用研究

海绵城市建设是推动绿色低碳城市建设及可持续发展的重要保障措施,可以有效解决城市内涝、水资源短缺等问题,对于城市生态文明建设具有重要意义。以北京城市副中心点、线、面3种不同类型海绵体作为研究对象,利用2018年5—9月枯、丰水期采集到的345组地表水和地下水同步连续监测数据,分析了典型海绵体的地下水水化学特征及其形成机制,探讨了不同含水层之间的水力联系。同时,以Cl^-为指示因子,结合其他水化学指标,研究分析了典型面状海绵体地下水与地表水之间的交互作用及影响程度。结果显示:在垂向上,埋深10 m和20 m含水层地下水之间联系密切,且受大气降水影响明显;埋深50 m和80 m含水层组地下水与其他含水层组无明显水力联系。在平面上,线状及面状海绵体地表水对地下水的影响距离为80~100 m;随着地层埋深的增加,地表水对地下水的影响程度减弱。     

典型排水分区海绵城市监测评估体系构建——以广州市某区为例

以广州市某典型海绵城市排水分区为例,构建“源头—过程—末端”三级监测评估体系,以在线监测与人工采样化验分析相结合的方式开展长时间序列水质、水量协同监测分析,从水生态改善、水环境提升、水安全保障3个方面对海绵城市改造效果进行评估,以期解决当前海绵城市建设普遍存在的底数不清楚、效果不明确和评价体系不完善等问题。研究结果表明:通过该监测评估体系获取的数据可有效支撑片区海绵城市建设效果评估;已完成海绵城市建设的典型排水分区在监测周期内的年径流总量控制率、生态岸线率、水环境质量、年径流污染负荷削减率等指标均有明显提升,并达到海绵城市建设目标要求。     

海绵城市设施运行阶段碳排放核算及碳减排路径分析

以海绵城市池州市为例,基于遥感土地覆盖数据结合现场实测及部门统计数据,明确各项海绵设施的碳排放与碳减排过程,运用碳排放因子法从径流削减、污水净化、绿地水体碳减排3个路径分析6种海绵设施的碳减排量,构建适用于城市尺度的海绵设施运行阶段的碳排放核算体系,并在此基础上对单个海绵设施运行阶段的碳排放进行核算。结果表明,3大减排路径中,径流削减碳减排量为1 255 95330 kg,污水净化碳减排量为785 22390 kg,绿地水体碳减排量为26 354 92000 kg。区域净碳减排量为27 004 47265 kg,碳减排主要来源于绿地、水体的固碳作用。     

生态型城市建设

对生态型城市的提出背景、内涵和主要特点、生态型城市建设的必要性以及生态型城市建设中的主要问题进行了分析,提出了建设生态型城市所需开展的基础性研究和实践工作.     

郑州市中心城区浅层地下水\"三氮\"分布特征及其影响因素分析

郑州市中心城区地貌类型分为黄河冲积平原和山前冲洪积平原、黄土丘陵,不同地貌类型具有不同的水文地质特征,依据3种地貌类型及其污染源分布特征设置地下水采样点,研究了浅层地下水中\"三氮\"[硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)、氨氮((NH3-N))和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)]质量浓度与污染源分布、地下水位埋深及包气带岩性以及水化学环境等因素的关系.结果表明,郑州市中心城区地下水水质受NO3-N和NH3-N影响较大,受NO2-N影响较小;2023年ρ(NO3-N)超标的区域范围较2020年明显减小,ρ(NH3-N)出现局部增大的现象,黄河冲积平原地区\"三氮\"质量浓度尤其是ρ(NH3-N)变化应引起重视;地下水酸碱环境及氧化还原环境的变化在一定程度上可以引起地下水中\"三氮\"质量浓度的变化,当地下水处于氧化环境时,地下水中ρ(NO3-N)增加而ρ(NH3-N)降低.     

“无废城市”建设的结构模式与主要思路

从\"无废城市\"建设的现实约束与政策背景出发,结合国际社会在\"无废城市\"建设过程中已经积累的经验与方案,探析中国\"无废城市\"建设的必要性和可行性。在对\"无废城市\"基本定义与关键环节把握的前提下,基于协同联动与系统集成原则对\"无废城市\"建设的基本结构与运作模式进行模型建构,并重点阐释了基于废弃物减量化原则创新设计\"无废城市\"产业与能源布局、基于废弃物资源化原则建构\"无废城市\"废弃物智能管理系统、基于简约适度绿色生活理念建立\"无废城市\"创新治理模式等主要建设思路。     

Canadian insights: The challenges of an integrated environmental assessment framework

The paper draws results from a review of literature to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the integrated environmental assessment framework in Canada with respect to the inclusion of health impact assessment. Insights include the legislative nature, rigid structure and priority for the natural environment that may restrict progress and the pool of government agencies that need to be convinced of the benefits of health impact assessment that may provide a strong structure for compliance in the long term.     

Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment of Lower Part of the Ponnaiyar River Basin, Cuddalore District, South India

The Lower Ponnaiyar River Basin forms an important groundwater province in South India constituted by Tertiary formations dominated by sandstones and overlain by alluvium. The region enjoyed artesian conditions 50 years back but at present frequent failure of monsoon and over exploitation is threatening the aquifer. Further, extensive agricultural and industrial activities and urbanization has resulted in the increase in demand and contamination of the aquifer. To identify the sources and quality of groundwater, water samples from 47 bore wells were collected in an area of 154 km² and were analysed for major ions and trace metals. The results reveal that the groundwater in many places is contaminated by higher concentrations of NO₃, Cl, PO₄ and Fe. Four major hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl, Na–Cl, Ca–HCO₃ and Na–HCO₃ were identified using Piper trilinear diagram. Salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and sodium percentage indicate that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes and far from drinking water standards. The most serious pollution threat to groundwater is from nitrate ions, which are associated with sewage and fertilizers application. The present state of the quality of the lower part of Ponnaiyar River Basin is of great concern and the higher concentration of toxic metals (Fe and Ni) may entail various health hazards.     

拉萨垃圾填埋场地下水环境质量影响分析研究

通过在拉萨市垃圾填埋场周边布设4个监测井,于2017—2018年采样分析24项地下水水质指标,并运用单因子指数、综合评价法、污染指数P_(ki)法、等标污染负荷比法等对地下水污染状况进行评价。结果表明:地下水水质在良好—优良范围内;单项污染指数1的有pH值、铅,相比背景井地下水水质有所下降;填埋场周边地下水污染程度呈轻污染,主要受到影响的指标为pH值、高锰酸盐指数、阴离子表面活性剂、铅、氟化物。     

加强市级环境监测站能力建设的思考

分析了市级环境监测站面临的形势与存在的不足,提出以科学发展观为指导,正确处理环境监测能力建设中的4个关系,大力推进能力强站,加快人才培训和队伍建设,形成符合环境管理需要的工作能力、质量管理能力、科研能力、竞争能力和信息支持能力,开创环境监测全面发展的新局面。     

Cumulative effect assessment in Canada: a regional framework for aquatic ecosystems

Sustainable development of the aquatic environment depends upon routine and defensible cumulative effects assessment (CEA). CEA is the process of predicting the consequences of development relative to an assessment of existing environmental quality. Theoretically, it provides an on-going mechanism to evaluate if levels of development exceed the environment's assimilative capacity; i.e., its ability to sustain itself. In practice, the link between CEA and sustainable development has not been realized because CEA concepts and methods have developed along two dichotomous tracks. One track views CEA as an extension of the environmental assessment (EA) process for project developments. Under this track, stressor-based (S-B) methods have been developed where the emphasis is on local, project-related stressors, their link with aquatic indicators, and the potential for environmental effects through stressor-indicator interactions. S-B methods focus on the proposed development and prediction of project-related effects. They lack a mechanism to quantify existing aquatic quality especially at scales broader than an isolated development. This limitation results in the prediction of potential effects relative to a poorly defined baseline state. The other track views CEA as a broader, regional assessment tool where effects-based (E-B) methods specialize in quantification of existing aquatic effects over broad spatial scales. However, the predictive capabilities of E-B methods are limited because they are retrospective, i.e., the stressor causing the effect is identified after the effect has been measured. When used in isolation, S-B and E-B methods do not address CEA in the context necessary for sustainable development. However, if the strengths of these approaches were integrated into a holistic framework for CEA, an operational mechanism would exist to better monitor and assess sustainable development of our aquatic resources. This paper reviews the existing conceptual basis of CEA in Canada including existing methodologies, limitations and strengths. A conceptual framework for integrating project-based and regional-based CEA is presented.     

废弃矿坑水体主离子化学特征及其灌溉适宜性分析

分析了上海市某废弃矿坑水样的主离子组成特征及其控制因素,并在钠吸附比法（SAR）、钠含量法（Na%）、残余碳酸钠法（RSC）和灌溉系数法（Ka）评价结果的基础上,利用极限条件法确定水体的灌溉适宜性。结果表明：研究区水样阳离子以Ca2+或Na+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主;山南侧矿坑水体的溶解性总固体（TDS）含量偏高,主要受蒸发浓缩控制,而山北侧矿坑水体主要受水岩作用控制。山南侧矿坑水样的Na%和RSC不符合适宜灌溉的限值要求,评价结果为不宜直接灌溉,而山北侧矿坑水样的所有评价指标均符合适宜灌溉的限值要求,评价结果为非常适宜。     

Current practice and shortcomings of EIA in Lithuania

The paper provides an overview of EIA system applications and assesses its effectiveness in Lithuania. A combination of archival research and quantitative/qualitative analysis was used to identify the main shortcomings of the EIA process in Lithuania: subjectivity in forecasting environmental effects, insufficient consideration of alternatives, politicisation of the process and incompetence of authorities involved. The research revealed that a thorough knowledge of EIA procedures and legal requirements may be a solution to these problems, especially when the stages related to forecasting the effects and evaluating the results are strictly reserved for recognized experts. The work concludes on the suggestions to involve in EIA process relevant authorities and to increase the competence of EIA practitioners.     

Assessment of the impact of landfill on groundwater quality: A case study of the Pirana site in western India

In present study focus has been given on estimating quality and toxicity of waste with respect to heavy metals and its impact on groundwater quality, using statistical and empirical relationships between different hydrochemical data, so that easy monitoring may be possible which in turn help the sustainable management of landfill site and municipal solid waste. Samples of solid waste, leachate and groundwater were analyzed to evaluate the impact of leachates on groundwater through the comparison of their hydrochemical nature. Results suggest the existence of an empirical relationship between some specific indicator parameters like heavy metals of all three above mentioned sample type. Further, K/Mg ratio also indicates three groundwater samples heavily impacted from leachate contamination. A good number of samples are also showing higher values for and Pb than that of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water regulation. Predominance of Fe and Zn in both groundwater and solid waste samples may be due to metal plating industries in the area. Factor analysis is used as a tool to explain observed relation between numerous variables in term of simpler relation, which may help to deduce the strength of relation. Positive loading of most of the factors for heavy metal clearly shows landfill impact on ground water quality especially along the hydraulic gradient. Cluster analysis, further substantiates the impact of landfill. Two major groups of samples obtained from cluster analysis suggest that one group comprises samples that are severely under the influence of landfill and contaminated leachates along the groundwater flow direction while other assorted with samples without having such influence.     

行政区突发环境事件风险评估在环境管理中的应用

结合文献调研以及江苏省试点区(县)工作开展情况,从区域环境风险源布局规划、地方环境应急管理、应急资源优化配置、区域突发环境事件应急预案编制等方面对行政区突发环境事件风险评估在环境管理中的应用进行探讨。指出了行政区突发环境事件风险评估工作面临的问题,提出,在统一评估标准的基础上,结合区域环境风险特征及试点地区工作经验,不断优化完善指标体系,补充各地先进做法,制定符合本行政区实际情况的区域突发环境事件风险评估技术指南。     

石河子市地下水环境背景值

采集并测定了石河子市１９个地下水背景水样，分别确定了该市潜水和承压—自流水中Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ、ＨＣＯ、ＮＯ、Ｆ－、总硬度、矿化度、可溶性ＳｉＯ２、ＣＯＤ、ｐＨ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｖ、Ｌｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｅ、Ｈｇ、Ｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ＋５、Ｃ６Ｈ５ＯＨ、ＣＮ－、ＡＢＳ的环境背景值．