硝酸异辛酯的热安全性研究

为了研究十六烷值改进剂—硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热稳定性与热危险性,采用C600微型量热仪测试硝酸异辛酯的热分解特性.利用热分析技术考察温升速率对EHN热分解特性的影响,并利用活化能、TMRad(在绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间)和自加速分解速率(SADT)方法评价此改进剂的危险性.结果表明,EHN发生分解反应的起始放热温度和最大放热温度均随着温升速率的增加而增大,且四种温升速率的反应机理是一致的.计算得到EHN热分解活化能在143.6-213.6kJ/mol之间.通过绝热条件下TMRad评价得出EHN在常温常压条件下不易发生危险失控,EHN自加速分解温度为98℃＞75℃,即在常温条件下储运是安全的,为储运硝酸异辛酯提供有力的数据支持.     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物与氟橡胶造型粉的绝热分解

为研究高能钝感材料2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)与氟橡胶造型粉的热分解特性和热稳定性,利用绝热加速量热仪测试其在绝热条件下的热分解过程,获得了热分解的升温速率、温度和压力等随时间的变化关系及升温速率、压力随温度的变化曲线。结果表明,绝热分解开始前有一个缓慢的吸热升温过程,绝热分解过程主要有3个放热反应阶段,其中第二阶段升温速率升降幅度较大,为主要的热分解阶段。绝热分解反应的表观活化能、指前因子和反应热分别为358.87 kJ/mol、3.374×1027min-1和685.62 J/g。造型粉初始分解温度高达290.6℃,具有良好的热稳定性。     

过硫酸铵的热稳定性研究

采用绝热加速量热仪(Accelerating Rate Calorimeter,ARC)对正常和潮湿条件下的过硫酸铵进行对比热容分析试验,得到了不同条件下过硫酸铵样品的热分解温度和压力随时间的变化曲线及压力和温升速率随温度的变化曲线.分析了过硫酸铵的热分解过程,用速率常数法计算了表观活化能Ea和指前因子A,得到了样品在最危险状态即绝热状态下的初始放热温度、初始温升速率、最大温升速率、自反应放热最高温度、绝热温升等反映其热稳定性的参数.结果表明,在绝热环境中,潮湿条件下的过硫酸铵比正常条件下更具有热危险性,更易发生自反应放热分解,且过程更加剧烈.过硫酸铵在储存过程中若不慎与水或潮湿空气接触,应尽量进行通风冷却和干燥处理,防止发生自分解放热进而引发火灾.     

4种硝酸酯热安定性的绝热试验研究

利用绝热加速量热仪(ARC)对硝酸正丙酯(NPN)、硝酸异丙酯(IPN)、太根(TEGDN)、敌根(DEGDN)4种硝酸酯的热稳定性进行了绝热试验研究,得到绝热放热曲线和热分解特征参数。分析了4种物质分解过程的特点,对测试结果进行了修正。计算得到动力学参数和自加速分解温度SADT,以此作为评估热安定性的判据。结果表明,4种硝酸酯在外界热作用下容易发生分解,反应速度较快,伴随明显的热效应和压力效应。4种硝酸酯的热安定性由好到差排序为:IPN、NPN、TEGDN、DEGDN。     

偶氮二异丁腈热安全性分析与评估

为获得偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在各种热应力条件下的危险参数,通过简化的压力容器试验测试AIBN的热分解激烈性等级,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热量热仪(ARC)对AIBN的热分解过程进行研究,用动力学与热稳定性分析软件AKTS计算动力学参数在整个反应进程中的变化情况,并根据ARC测试结果推算自加速分解温度(TSADT)。结果表明:AIBN的热分解激烈性为Ⅱ类,易呈现爆炸特性;其初始分解温度和TSADT很低,分别约为78℃和61℃,且分解放热过程和熔融吸热过程同时发生。因此,在AIBN的生产、使用、贮存和运输等过程中应加强温度监控,并根据实际情况采取降温措施。     

过氧乙酸溶液的热爆炸分析

为有效预防生产、储运和使用中过氧乙酸引发的火灾爆炸事故,采用绝热加速量热仪模拟了15%和10%浓度的过氧乙酸溶液的热爆炸过程,得到了两种浓度的PAA溶液的热分解温度、压力、温升速率随时间变化的关系曲线,并用速率常数法分别计算了反应级数n、表观活化能Ea和指前因子A。经过绝热修正,得到最危险状态下的温度和压力等相关热危险参数,并基于Semenov热爆炸理论推算了三种包装条件下两种样品的不可逆温度和自加速分解温度。结果表明,15%PAA和10%PAA溶液热分解反应级数均为一级,表观活化能分别为1044kJ·mol-1和1032kJ·mol-1;绝热条件下初始放热温度分别为429℃和293℃;自加速分解温度受反应系统到达最大反应速率的时间、物料存储规模及散热条件的影响,建议PAA应储存在通风背阴处且单个包装容积应控制在25L以下。     

间氯过氧化苯甲酸热分解动力学及危险性

为研究固态间氯过氧化苯甲酸(m-CPBA)在非等温和绝热条件下的热分解过程及其危险性,分别采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热加速量热仪(ARC)试验研究m-CPBA的热分解特征。通过热重分析仪(TG)测量m-CPBA的初始分解温度,用Kissinger法、Ozawa法和速率常数法计算活化能、指前因子和反应级数等热分解反应动力学参数,并根据绝热试验结果推算最大反应速率到达时间(TMR_(ad))。结果表明:m-CPBA的初始分解温度为94℃,且在熔融相变的同时发生热分解放热反应;其绝热温升为41.69℃,TMRad在8和24 h所对应的绝热温度分别为54.7℃和50.9℃;因此,m-CPBA在贮存、运输和使用过程中需要严格控制温度。     

过氧化二异丙苯的热稳定性及安全性研究

为了分析过氧化二异丙苯(Dicumyl Peroxide,DCP)的热稳定性和热安全性,利用C80微量量热仪对DCP在空气中的热分解及稳定性能进行试验研究,得到了升温速率对DCP热分解的影响规律,运用AKTS高级热动力学软件计算得到DCP热分解的活化能及指前因子、绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间TMRad和不同包装下的自加速分解温度。结果表明:随升温速率增加,DCP的起始放热温度和最大放热温度升高;并由Friedman法得到不同转化率下活化能E和指前因子A的关系,计算得到DCP热分解的活化能范围为50~130 kJ/mol;TMRad为1 h、8 h、24 h、50 h和100 h时对应的起始温度分别为105.33℃、84.38℃、74.38℃、68℃和62℃;DCP的储罐内径越大,其对应的自加速分解温度越低。在生产、制造、储存、运输等过程中,应防止因温度变化而引发DCP的自分解放热爆炸事故。     

加速量热仪在物质热稳定性研究中的应用

加速量热仪（ARC）是一种基于绝热原理设计的热分析仪器,与其它热分析仪器相比,加速量热仪可以测量克量级的固体或高闪点液体样品,具有测试样品最大,敏感度高等特点,并能够实时记录样品放热反应过程中的温度和压力变化,以过氧化氢叔丁基为例说明加速量热仪测试结果在研究物质质变热稳定性方面的应用,得到了过氧化氢叔丁基放热分解反应的温度－时间和压力－时间关系曲线以及升温速度和压力随温度变化的曲线,通过计算和分析得到了反应系统升压速率随压力的变化曲线,计算出了过氧化氢叔丁基分解反应的动力学参数表观活化能Ea和指前因子A。     

过氧化氢异丙苯热稳定性与热安全性研究

为研究过氧化氢异丙苯(CHP)的热稳定性和热安全性,利用C80微量量热仪对CHP在空气中的热分解进行试验研究。利用热分析技术研究CHP的热分解,得到了升温速率对CHP热分解的影响,CHP热分解的活化能,绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间Tmrad和不同包装下的自加速分解温度。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,CHP的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;CHP热分解的活化能范围为52～91 kJ/mol;Tmrad为1,8,24,50和100 h时对应的起始温度分别为118.08,75.41,55.83,44.83和34.52℃;CHP的储罐内径越大,其对应的自加速分解温度越低。     

Thermal risk analysis of cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of alkaline catalysts

Many studies have been performed to clarify the basic thermal runaway hazards and kinetics of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) decomposition. However, materials that are incompatible with CHP have not been clearly identified. Alkaline solutions have been used as a catalyst to form dimethylphenyl carbinol (DMPC) and dicumyl peroxide (DCPO); however, these solutions also affect the reaction and storage temperature of CHP. In this study, thermal calorimeters, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2), were used to compare the effects of various bases on the decomposition of CHP in cumene. Specifically, the exothermic onset temperature, change in pressure over time, self-heating rate and heat of decomposition were evaluated. Moreover, to appraise the degree of hazard associated with the use of CHP, the compatibility of CHP with various substances was analyzed, and a risk matrix for thermal runaway reactions was obtained. The results of the present study could be used to design safety procedures for the production of CHP and its derivatives.     

Reaction hazard and mechanism study of H2O2 oxidation of 2-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone using DSC,Phi-TEC II and GC-MS

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) oxidation via H₂O₂ with tungsten-based polyoxometalate catalysts has gained much attention with an ever-growing body of knowledge focusing on the development of environmentally benign processes in chemical industry. In this study, two calorimetry techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry, were employed to analyze the thermal hazards associated with the 2-butanol oxidation reaction system. Hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the organic products. Important thermal kinetic data were obtained including “onset” temperature, heat of reaction, adiabatic temperature rise and self-heat rate. From DSC results, three exothermic peaks were detected with a total heat generation of approximately 1.26 kJ/g sufficiently to induce a thermal runaway. Possible reaction pathway for three stages were proposed based on both DSC and GC-MS results. One exotherm was detected by Phi-TEC II calorimeter and the pressure versus temperature profile together with the DSC and GC-MS data demonstrate the complexity of 2-butanol reaction system under both thermal screening and adiabatic conditions.     

氯化钠和二氧化硅对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

采用绝热加速量热仪（ARC）对分析纯过硫酸铵、含10%氯化钠杂质的过硫酸铵以及含10%二氧化硅杂质的过硫酸铵进行热分析实验,得到了实验过程中温度、温升速率和压力等数据,计算了3组样品的反应动力学参数,引入热惰性因子对实验数据进行修正,得到了3组样品在严格绝热条件下的热危险性参数,分析了3组样品的反应过程和热危险性。通过Semenov理论计算了3组样品的自加速分解温度（SADT）。结果表明,过硫酸铵加入氯化钠或二氧化硅杂质后,热危险性增大,自加速分解温度降低,更容易发生反应且反应更剧烈。     

Thermal hazard assessment for synthesis of 3-methylpyridine-N-oxide

The exothermic oxidation of 3-methylpyridine with hydrogen peroxide was analyzed by Reaction Calorimeter (RC1e) in semi-batch operation. Heat releasing rate and heat conversion were studied at different operating conditions, such as reaction temperature, feeding rate, the amount of catalyst and so on. The thermal hazard assessment of the oxidation was derived from the calorimetric data, such as adiabatic temperature rise (ΔT_ad) and the maximum temperature of synthesis reaction (MTSR) in out of control conditions. Along with thermal decomposition of the product, the possibility of secondary decomposition under runaway conditions was analyzed by time to maximum rate (TMR_ad). Also, risk matrix was used to assess the risk of the reaction. Results indicated that with the increase of the reaction temperature, the reaction heat release rate increased, while reaction time and exotherm decreased. With the increase of feeding time, heat releasing rate decreased, but reaction time and exotherm increased. With the amount of the catalyst increased, heat releasing rate increased, reaction time decreased and exothermic heat increased. The risk matrix showed that when the reaction temperature was 70 °C, feeding time was 1 h, and the amount of catalyst was 10 g and 15 g, respectively, the reaction risk was high and must be reduced.     

二叔丁基过氧化物的热失控动力学研究

为研究二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)热失控危险性,利用C600微量量热仪对DTBP热分解动力学进行试验研究,测定DTBP在不同升温速率下的起始放热温度和分解热,分别用非等转化率法和等转化率法得到DTBP热分解反应的动力学参数。用非等转化率法确定反应的最佳反应级数为1,相应的活化能分别为137.75、132.60、128.61和122.93 kJ/mol,指前因子分别为8.82×1012、6.69×1012、2.06×1012和3.89×10111/s。用等转化率法确定的活化能范围为102～138 kJ/mol,并拟合出活化能与转化率的关系曲线。结合计算出的动力学参数,通过对DTBP分解机理的分析,可以推断其具有热失控危险性。     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.     

Investigation of the decomposition reaction and dust explosion characteristics of crystalline dicumyl peroxide

The dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is widely used as a polymerization initiator, catalyst and vulcanizing agent in the chemical industry. A number of accidents have been caused by its thermal instability in storage or manufacturing process. Thus, its hazard characteristics have to be clearly identified. First of all, the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used to measure the heat of decomposition reaction, which can contribute to understanding the reaction characteristics of DCP. The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) is used to measure the rates of temperature and pressure rises of decomposition reaction, and then the kinetics parameters are estimated. Furthermore, the MIKE 3 apparatus and the 20-l-Apparatus are used to measure and analyze the dust explosion characteristics of DCP at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Finally, Semenov's thermal explosion theory is applied to investigate the critical runaway condition and the stability criterion of decomposition reaction, and to build the relationship of critical temperature, convective heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer surface area and ambient temperature. These results contribute to improving the safety in the reaction, transportation and storage processes of DCP.