钝化剂对土壤重金属污染修复研究进展

总结了常见的钝化剂包括石灰性物质、炭材料、粘土矿物、含磷材料、有机肥和农业废弃物等对土壤重金属污染修复的原理、技术和方法。介绍了钝化剂对土壤重金属修复的效果和注意事项,并对钝化剂进行土壤重金属污染修复的前景和目前存在的问题进行了展望。     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

重金属污染土壤修复技术综述

土壤重金属污染是当前重要的世界性环境问题之一。随着重金属污染土壤场地日渐增多，如何安全有效地修复并利用这些受污染的土壤已成为我国急需解决的环境和社会问题。本文介绍了重金属污染土壤常用修复技术的原理、优缺点，并重点介绍了土壤淋洗修复技术，对目前淋洗剂的应用情况、作用机制进行了评价。     

超富集植物修复土壤重金属污染及强化措施研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当前亟须解决的问题。与其他修复技术相比,植物修复因其具有环境友好且不产生二次污染等优点而备受关注。超富集植物是一类具有特殊生理特性的植物,对土壤重金属等有害物质的吸附能力远高于普通植物,具有高积累性和高耐受性的特点。超富集植物的修复存在修复周期过长、修复效率低和修复目标较为单一等局限性,因此施行一系列强化措施成为促进植物高效修复的有效途径。分析了当前重金属污染和修复技术特点,综述了重金属超富集植物研究现状和强化措施,并对此进行了总结与展望。     

关于重金属污染土壤修复技术的思考

从土壤重金属污染的现状出发,结合土壤政策及标准的演变,简介了几个土壤修复项目实例,并对土壤原位修复实用性技术进行了分析,对土壤修复技术的发展提出了建议。     

土壤重金属污染、生态效应及植物修复技术

探讨了土壤中重金属的来源、特点以及生态效应,综述了土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术,展望了重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究发展趋势。     

不同修复剂对重金属污染土壤修复效果研究

本试验自制重金属污染土作为研究样本,试验采用室内盆栽试验,试验设置6个不同处理:未添加化学修复剂(CK)、2%骨炭(A)、2%活性炭(B)、2%磷矿粉(C)、2%土壤修复剂Ⅰ(D)和2%土壤修复剂Ⅱ(E),与已筛选出的富集乡土植物油菜、马铃薯、狼尾草、小麦、刺儿菜、巴天酸模相配合,对重金属污染土壤进行修复,测定土壤中重金属含量。结果表明"2%土壤修复剂Ⅱ(E)"修复效果最佳,尤其是与巴天酸模、刺儿菜植物搭配为最佳。因此对重金属污染土壤可采用植物和化学修复相结合的修复方法,修复效果明显。提出了生物修复和化学修复技术结合的污染土壤的修复技术措施,旨在为推动本省污染土壤的修复储备技术和积累经验,为有效合理利用土地环境资源,保持土地资源利用可持续性和延长土地资源使用周期提供了科学依据。     

污染土壤淋洗修复技术研究进展

本文介绍了淋洗修复技术和淋洗装置在污染土壤修复技术中的应用,对有机物、重金属及放射性核素污染土壤淋洗修复技术的应用现状进行了总结和评价,还探讨了淋洗修复技术的发展方向及其应用前景。     

李氏禾修复土壤重金属铬污染的研究进展

为合理利用植物修复技术对土壤重金属污染进行治理,有效解决环境问题和能源问题。以李氏禾修复土壤中重金属铬污染为主要论点,对不同培养条件下李氏禾对铬的超富集特性、李氏禾对多种重金属的共富集特性、李氏禾对铬富集的耐性机制、李氏禾生物炭研究及末端处理技术等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的发展做出了展望,以期为李氏禾的推广和应用提供参考。     

电动力法修复石油污染土壤重金属研究

电动力法(EK)是一种很有前景的土壤重金属污染修复技术,文章使用柠檬酸生产废水来强化电动力法,探究该废水对含有Cd,Pb,Zn重金属石油污染土壤的电动力修复的强化效果。实验结果表明,在阴极采用阳离子交换膜可以较好的控制土壤pH值上升,减少极化现象及重金属在土壤中的沉积;使用柠檬酸废水进行实验,Cd,Pb,Zn三种重金属去除率分别为21.5%,33.4%,65.5%;柠檬酸废水能增强电动力法修复的重金属去除率。可见,柠檬酸废水可以作为一种廉价高效的电动力修复的辅助试剂。     

Improvement of soil quality after "alperujo" compost application to two contaminated soils characterised by differing heavy metal solubility

Reclamation of trace element polluted soils often requires the improvement of the soil quality by using appropriate organic amendments. Low quality compost from municipal solid waste has been tested for reclamation of soils, but these materials can provide high amounts of heavy metals. Therefore, a high-quality compost, with low levels of heavy metals, produced from the main by-product of the Spanish olive oil extraction industry ("alperujo") was evaluated for remediation of soils affected by a pyritic mine sludge. Two contaminated soils were selected from the same area: they were characterised by differing pH values (4.6 and 7.3) and total metal concentrations, which greatly affected the fractionation of the metals. Compost was applied to soil at two rates (equivalent to 48 and 72 Tm ha(-1)) and compared with an inorganic fertiliser treatment. Compost acted as an available nutrient source (C, N and P) and showed a low mineralisation rate, suggesting a slow release of nutrients and thus favouring long term soil fertility. In addition, the liming effect of the compost led to a significant reduction of toxicity for soil microorganisms in the acidic soil and immobilisation of soil heavy metals (especially Mn and Zn), resulting in a clear increase in both soil microbial biomass and nitrification. Such positive effects were clearly greater than those provoked by the mineral fertiliser even at the lowest compost application rate, which indicates that this type of compost can be very useful for bioremediation programmes (reclamation and revegetation of polluted soils) based on phytostabilisation strategies.     

应用植物重金属超富集机理修复土壤复合污染的研究现状与展望

超积累植物在修复土壤重金属污染中起着重要的作用，但由于重金属复合污染的存在，许多植物并未能完全适用于实际修复中。本文通过阐述土壤重金属复合污染，参考近年来国际上对超积累植物富集机理的研究，从土壤重金属复合污染自身的交互作用，超积累植物根系活化机理，吸收和运输通道机制，金属配位体的运输与解毒作用，以及细胞分室化现象等各个阶段探讨与展望土壤重金属复合污染修复研究问题。     

表面活性剂修复重金属污染土壤的研究

本文探讨了3种常用表面活性剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、聚山梨脂(Tween-80)对被重金属铬、镉污染了的土壤的修复洗脱作用,以及被污染土壤对3种表面活性剂的吸附作用。淋洗实验结果表明,3种表面活性剂对土壤中的铬、镉有明显去除效果,聚山梨脂(Tween-80)对污染土壤中铬和镉的去除率分别为61.2%和37.06%。实验表明,土壤对3种表面活性剂均有较强的吸附作用,这种吸附作用对土壤重金属的去除会产生不利的影响。     

Effect of the Prestige oil spill on salt marsh soils on the coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain)

At four estuarine sites on the coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain), all of which were affected by the Prestige oil spill, soil samples were taken from polluted and unpolluted areas and their petroleum hydrocarbon contents, heavy metal contents, and other chemical and physical characteristics were measured. Oil pollution altered both chemical and physical soil properties, aggregating soil particles in plaques, lowering porosity, and increasing resistance to penetration and hydrophobicity. The chromium, nickel, copper, iron, lead, and vanadium contents of polluted soils were between 2 and 2500 times higher than those of their unpolluted counterparts and the background concentrations in Galician coastal sediments. In the cases of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and V, their origin in the polluting oil was corroborated by the high correlation (r >/= 0.74) between the concentrations of these metals and the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the polluted soils. Soil redox potentials ranged from -19 to -114 mV in polluted soils and 112 to 164 mV in unpolluted soils, and were negatively correlated with TPH content (p < 0.01). The low values in the polluted soils explain why the soluble fractions of their total heavy metal contents were very small (generally less than 3%, and in many cases undetectable).     

规模化农田土壤重金属污染修复的中试试验研究——以某镇土壤污染治理为例

农用地重金属污染长期以来一直是生态环境的热点和难点问题。2017年,对某镇农田土壤重金属污染开展详查,单项污染指数评价结果表明,镉超标率为67.60%(Pi>1),基于内梅罗污染指数法的评价结果显示,57.30%的点位受到不同程度的污染(PN≥1.0);2018年,分别选取钝化修复和植物修复进行中试试验,经钝化修复后土壤有效镉和总镉含量分别平均降低32.73%和5.64%。经超富集植物籽粒笕种植一季修复后,土壤总镉含量降低15%以上。本次中试试验修复效果良好,能为下一阶段的土壤镉污染修复方案的制定和优化提供科学的依据,为全国农用地重金属污染修复提供了有价值的借鉴意义。     

规模化农田土壤重金属污染修复的中试试验研究——以某镇土壤污染治理为例

农用地重金属污染长期以来一直是生态环境的热点和难点问题。2017年,对某镇农田土壤重金属污染开展详查,单项污染指数评价结果表明,镉超标率为67.60%(Pi>1),基于内梅罗污染指数法的评价结果显示,57.30%的点位受到不同程度的污染(PN≥1.0);2018年,分别选取钝化修复和植物修复进行中试试验,经钝化修复后土壤有效镉和总镉含量分别平均降低32.73%和5.64%。经超富集植物籽粒笕种植一季修复后,土壤总镉含量降低15%以上。本次中试试验修复效果良好,能为下一阶段的土壤镉污染修复方案的制定和优化提供科学的依据,为全国农用地重金属污染修复提供了有价值的借鉴意义。     

The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants

The decontamination of soils and wastes polluted with heavy metals presents one of the most intractable problems for soil clean-up. Present technology relies upon metal extraction or immobilization processes, both of which are expensive and which remove all biological activity in the soil during decontamination. They may only be appropriate for small areas of valuable redevelopment land. In this paper the use of metal-accumulating plants is explored for the removal of metals from superficially-contaminated soils such as those resulting from the long-term application to land of metal-contaminated sewage sludges. Green remediation employs plants native to metalliferous soils with a capacity to bioaccumulate metals such as zinc and nickel to concentrations greater than 2% in the aerial plant dry matter (hyperaccumulators). Growing such plants under intensive crop conditions and harvesting the dry matter is proposed as a possible method of metal removal and for ‘polishing’ contaminated agricultural soils down to metal concentrations below statutory limits. Not only are the biological activity and physical structure of soils maintained but the technique is potentially cheap, visually unobtrusive and offers the possibility of biorecovery of metals. The limitations of the process are reviewed and the future requirements for the development of efficient phytoremediators are outlined.     

菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系重金属污染及迁移特征评价

为研究抗生素制药菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系中重金属的污染及迁移特征的影响,选取新疆伊宁县某试验田作为研究对象,运用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价抗生素施加后农田土壤重金属污染状况,采用富集系数(BCF)来表示重金属在土壤—作物体系间的迁移性能。研究表明:大豆和玉米在苗期、开花期和成熟期所有地块的重金属含量均达到标准值,土壤未受到重金属污染,在成熟期,Cu、Cr、Ni更容易在大豆作物中富集,而Zn更易在玉米中富集。研究成果可为抗生素制药菌渣肥的安全利用提供科学依据。