阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对磷钨酸(PW12)光催化还原降解偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响

以磷钨酸H3PW12O4（PW12）为光催化剂,异丙醇（IS）作为电子给体,研究阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对PW12光催化还原降解直接耐晒黑G（DB19）的影响.考察了CTAB浓度、pH值、DB19初始浓度等因素对反应的影响,并采用一级反应动力学对反应过程进行分析.结果表明CTAB增强了PW12对直接耐晒黑G的还原脱色作用,CTAB浓度增加,DB19的光催化脱色速率提高.PW12用量对DB19还原脱色的影响程度和趋势与溶液中CTAB浓度有关,当CTAB浓度为0.10 mmol.L-1时,DB19的脱色速率随PW12用量的增加而增加;CTAB浓度为0.05 mmol.L-1,PW12用量为200 mg.L-1时DB19的脱色速率最快,继续增加反而降低.DB19还原脱色速率随其初始浓度升高而降低.另外,通过循环伏安法和暗反应明确还原态杂多蓝对染料的还原脱色作用,并借助UV-Vis光谱研究DB19、PW12、CTAB之间的相互作用,探索CTAB对PW12/IS光催化还原降解DB19的作用机理.该研究结果表明阳离子表面活性剂CTAB能够增强偶氮染料废水的PW12催化还原脱色处理.     

长江水体分散颗粒物对对乙酰氨基酚光降解的影响

研究了药物对乙酰氨基酚在长江水体颗粒物表面的吸附及颗粒分散体系中的光降解规律,探讨了体系pH、颗粒物浓度及加入柠檬酸、草酸、腐殖酸对对乙酰氨基酚光降解的影响.结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚在颗粒物表面的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温式,分散颗粒物可以促进对乙酰氨基酚的光降解,光降解符合一级反应动力学规律;pH=9时光降解速率最快;加入草酸、柠檬酸可以加快对乙酰氨基酚的光降解,而腐殖酸则抑制其光降解.     

气液混合放电对水中阿特拉津的降解

采用气液混合放电降解水溶液中的阿特拉津,考察了放电输出功率、溶液pH值和Fe2 浓度对阿特拉津降解的影响,并初步探讨了其降解动力学.结果表明,提高放电输出功率、降低溶液pH值均能提高阿特拉津的降解率.相同实验条件下,添加Fe2 显著提高了阿特拉津的降解率,在Fe2 添加量分别为0.2,0.6,2.0 mmol·1-1时,随着Fe2 浓度的升高阿特拉津的降解率也不断提高.阿特拉津在气液混合放电反应器中的降解符合一级反应动力学.阿特拉津降解过程中的中间产物主要通过以下4种途径产生:脱烷基作用、烷基氧化作用、脱氯羟化作用和脱氯羟化-氧化作用.     

双酚E在分子识别作用下的光催化降解

研究了经分子识别后的双酚E在TiO2光催化体系中的光降解行为,结果表明:双酚E能与β-环糊精形成稳定的包结物,其包结常数为7.83×103 L·mol-1,经β-环糊精分子识别后双酚E的光催化降解效率可以提高26%,同时研究了双酚E光降解的动力学规律及pH值和β-环糊精浓度对双酚E光降解的影响.β-环糊精对双酚E光催化降解的促进作用源于β-环糊精促进双酚E在TiO2表面的吸附.     

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾降解吲哚美辛的动力学分析

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾(Fe(Ⅵ))对吲哚美辛(IDM)的降解,考察了Fe(Ⅵ)投加量、IDM初始浓度、溶液pH值、温度等因素对IDM降解速率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe(Ⅵ)可以有效地去除饮用水中的IDM,当Fe(Ⅵ)投加量为0.3 mmol·L~(-1),溶液pH值为7,温度为25℃时,反应20 min后IDM的去除率达到95%,其反应过程符合准一级反应动力学模型;准一级动力学常数与Fe(Ⅵ)的投加量正相关,与IDM的初始浓度负相关;pH值升高会降低反应速率,温度升高会加快反应的进行.将不同温度条件下反应速率常数进行线性拟合,推算出了Fe(Ⅵ)与IDM反应的热力学参数Ea、ΔH和ΔS的值分别为15.79 J·mol~(-1)、13.27 J·mol~(-1)、-183.76 J·mol-1·K~(-1),说明该反应是吸热反应,同时活化能较低也说明了该反应在常规饮用水消毒条件下即可进行.TOC测定实验表明,Fe(Ⅵ)对IDM的矿化效率较低,大部分IDM转化成其它大分子有机物.     

太阳光/电-Fenton法降解H-acid的表观动力学研究

进行了太阳光/电-Fenton法降解染料中间体H-acid模拟废水的表观动力学研究,通过对不同初始H-acid浓度和Fe2+浓度体系以及不同初始电压浓度体系反应的分析,确定该反应的表观动力学方程和动力学参数,为该技术降解H-acid废水优化反应条件提供了依据.结果表明,在固定初始pH值、支持电解质Na2SO4为0.10...     

206nm紫外光降解水相中的氯化三苯基锡

研究了氯化三苯基锡不同初始浓度、光照时间、初始pH值和添加H2O2等因素对光降解效果的影响.结果表明,弱酸条件更有利于氯化i苯基锡的降解;当pH=2.0时,120mg·1-1氯化三苯基锡溶液光照75min后,其降解率约为89.4%;氯化三苯基锡浓度愈低,其光降解效果愈好.在氯化三苯基锡水溶液中加入双氧水后,光照75min后光降解率基本能达到100%.根据产物GC-MS分析结果,初步探讨了氯化三苯基锡光降解的机理.     

三氯生光降解动力学过程及其光降解产物生物毒性评价

光化学降解是药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)在环境中转化归趋的重要途径之一,同时光解过程对该类化合物的生态毒性产生重要影响。本研究以抗菌药物三氯生为模型化合物,研究在紫外光照射下,三氯生初始浓度、腐殖酸含量、pH、光强对其光降解动力学的复合影响。采用发光细菌、羊角月牙藻2个不同营养级生物的毒性响应变化评价三氯生母体化合物及光降解过程中毒性变化。研究表明:三氯生光降解遵循准一级反应动力学。初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1)、腐殖酸含量为0 mg·L~(-1),初始p H值为11、光强为0.44 m W·cm-2时,该光化学降解反应体系三氯生有最高的反应速率和降解效率。三氯生光降解过程中产生了对受试生物有较高抑制作用的中间产物,随着光降解时间的延长,光降解中间产物的毒性逐渐降低,在光降解30 min后无显著毒性。     

非离子表面活性剂溶液中2,4,4'-三溴联苯醚的光降解特性及机理

本研究将2,4,4'-三溴联苯醚(BDE-28)溶解于500 mg·L~(-1)的非离子型表明活性剂曲拉通X-100(TX-100)中,探讨了TX-100中的BDE-28在不同的光源、底物浓度、p H、柠檬酸浓度等条件下的光降解,用HPLC测定其浓度并利用GC-MS测定其产物.研究结果表明,不同的光源对BDE-28的光降解有较大影响,在紫外光下降解最快,在可见光下降解较慢;在高p H和低p H条件下,BDE-28均易发生光降解,中性条件下BDE-28的光降解相对较慢;柠檬酸对BDE-28光降解几乎没有影响;通过对其降解产物分析发现BDE-28的光降解主要是脱溴还原反应,并且脱溴反应主要发生在邻位上,邻位上的溴原子比对位上的溴原子更容易脱去.     

Al~0-O_2体系降解活性黄3RS溶液

酸性条件下,采用Al0-O2体系对活性黄3RS染料溶液进行降解,考察了活性黄3RS的初始浓度,p H、Al0的浓度、温度、Fe2+浓度等因素对其降解率的影响.结果表明,在p H=2和Al0浓度为1 g·L-1时,对50 mg·L-1活性黄3RS的降解率最高,反应150 min时最高可获得92%的降解率;降解后其COD值由126.35 mg·L-1降至49.44 mg·L-1;温度升高,活性黄3RS的降解率提高,其表观反应活化能为108.262 k J·mol-1;动力学分析表明该过程为一级反应,反应速率常数kobs=1.2×10-2s-1;当向体系中加入Fe2+时,其降解速率加快.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.