Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

流体剪切与超声空化破解剩余污泥的参数优化

为提高剩余污泥的破解效果并降低能耗,采用FS（fluid shear,流体剪切）、UC（ultrasonic cavitation,超声空化）、FS和UC联合工艺（FS-UC,UC-FS）破解剩余污泥,并应用单因素试验结合响应面法对联合工艺进行优化.结果表明:FS对剩余污泥破解效果一般,只在开始阶段具有较好效果,随作用时间延长,破解效果未有显著提高甚至下降.UC对剩余污泥破解效果明显,随作用时间延长,破解效果显著提升,但能耗也随之增大,EDR（energy disintegration ratio,效能比）明显下降.相同作用时间下,UC破解效果优于FS破解效果,UC破解剩余污泥的DD_COD（degree of disintegration,破解率）与EDR均明显高于FS方法.单因素试验得出的较优FS作用时间范围为2~8 min,较优UC作用时间范围为5~15 min.响应面法试验结果显示,联合工艺的剩余污泥破解效果和能量利用率均优于单一方法,联合工艺中FS-UC工艺的破解效果优于UC-FS工艺.FS-UC工艺的最佳参数:FS处理5.6 min再UC处理15.0 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为50.8%,EDR为26.8%.UC-FS工艺的最佳参数:先UC作用15.0 min再FS作用7.8 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为36.5%,EDR为17.1%.研究显示,以DD_COD和EDR为指标,4种工艺的高效性顺序为FS-UC > UC-FS > UC > FS,其中FS-UC工艺具有能耗低、破解效率高的特点,是4种工艺中剩余污泥破解效果最好的一种工艺.      

Low intensity ultrasound stimulates biological activity of aerobic activated sludge

This work aims to explore a procedure to improve biological wastewater treatment efficiency using low intensity ultrasound. The aerobic activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as the experimental material. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the activated sludge (AS) was determined to indicate the changes of AS activity stimulated by ultrasound at 35 kHz for 0–40 min with ultrasonic intensities of 0–1.2 W/cm². The highest OUR was observed at the ultrasonic intensity of 0.3 W/cm² and an irradiation period of 10 min; more than 15% increase was achieved immediately after sonication. More significantly, the AS activity stimulated by ultrasound could last 24 h after sonication, and the AS activity achieved its peak value within 8 h after sonication, or nearly 100% higher than the initial level after sonication. Therefore, to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency of bioreactors, ultrasound with an intensity of 0.3 W/cm² could be employed to irradiate a part of the AS in the bioreactor for 10 min every 8 h. Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(4): 124–128 [译自: 环境科学]     

The application of iron mesh double layer as anode for the electrochemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye

In this work a novel anode configuration consisting of an iron mesh double layer is proposed for the electrochemical treatment of wastewater. The removal of Reactive Black 5 dye(RB5) from synthetic contaminated water was used as a model system. At a constant anode surface area, identical process operating parameters and batch process mode, the iron mesh double layer electrode showed better performance compared to the conventional single layer iron mesh. The double layer electrode was characterized by RB5 and chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal efficiency of 98.2% and 97.7%, respectively, kinetic rate constant of 0.0385/min, diffusion coefficient of 4.9 × 10~(-5)cm~2/sec and electrical energy consumption of 20.53 kWh/kgdye removed. In the continuous flow system, the optimum conditions suggested by Response Surface Methodology(RSM) are: initial solution p H of 6.29,current density of 1.6 m A/cm~2, electrolyte dose of 0.15 g/L and flow rate of 11.47 m L/min which resulted in an RB5 removal efficiency of 81.62%.     

超声波预处理-生物降解复合工艺处理含油污泥

以超声辐照和生物降解复合工艺处理油田含油污泥,辐照30 min后,连续曝气4 h的污泥中COD去除率比未经辐照的污泥COD去除率增幅85.7%,除油率增幅为66.7%;超声辐照强度对含油污泥处理效果影响较大,输出电压从50 V增至250 V时,COD去除率从10%增至70%,除油率则先增加后降低,在200 V左右时除油率最高达60%。     

水溶液中邻二氯苯的超声去除

研究了超声辐照技术去除模拟废水中的邻二氯苯的效果和影响因素,包括超声电功率、初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、空气曝气以及自由基抑制剂等;研究结果表明,超声辐照去除邻二氯苯主要以空化泡内的高温热解为主,并分析了邻二氯苯超声去除的途径和机理。     

城市污水污泥超声波预处理的研究

文章通过分析污泥耗氧率(SOUR)和破解率(DDCOD)的变化,研究了浓度为9.5g/L的生活污泥在频率为28kHz的超声波下,不同超声波声能密度和超声时间作用对污泥预处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,在适当的声能密度和超声时间下,超声波预处理可以明显提高污泥破解率,同时提高污泥的生物活性,试验结果为超声波预处理与污泥处理工艺联用以提高污泥减量化效率提供了依据。     

超声对连续流活性污泥系统污泥减量化研究

在运行稳定的连续流活性污泥系统中采用超声处理剩余污泥并将其返回系统中．研究在不影响出水水质的前提下实现污泥减量化的条件。试验表明：在声能密度0．8W／mL、超声作用时间60s,系统运行稳定后,出水CODCr质量浓度为46mg／L,单位MLSS的SVI为82．6mL／g。此时,系统出水达到CB18918--2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级排放标准,污泥沉降性良好,污泥减量效果明显。     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxicoxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L⁻¹. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.     

曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水曝气控制条件研究

通过试验研究曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水水力停留时间、曝气过程中塘内溶解氧和污泥浓度分布以及不同曝气周期对处理效果影响等问题,以期获得较好的处理效果和经济的能耗.结果表明,本试验曝气稳定塘条件下,4 d为本曝气稳定塘的最佳水力停留时间,间歇运行中曝气时间应该大于15 min,曝气稳定塘中各点在2～10 min内污泥浓度可逐渐达到平稳,各污染物去除效果最好的曝气周期为0.5 h曝气/1.0 h停气.     

剩余污泥的超声破解与影响因素程度分析

采用超声波技术破解污泥絮体及污泥微生物细胞壁结构 ,可使固体性有机物与胞内物质变为溶解性有机物(SCOD)。SCOD溶出率随超声作用时间、声强及声能密度的增加而增加 ,在一定声能密度下 ,SCOD溶出率随时间延长呈线性增长趋势 ,即污泥破解反应遵从一级反应动力学规律。VSS的变化规律同SCOD溶出率的变化规律相似。利用多元统计学中t分布检验方法分析诸因素对破解效果所产生的影响 ,得出各因素影响程度从大至小顺序为 :超声作用时间 >声能密度 >声强     

超声辐照-活性污泥联合处理焦化废水

选取昆明焦化制气厂的实际焦化废水为处理对象,用水质模型对超声辐照-活性污泥法处理焦化废水中有机物的降解进行了研究.实验结果表明,焦化废水初始浓度、曝气方式和声能密度对焦化废水中COD_Cr的降解效果影响显著.对初始浓度为807mg/L的实际焦化废水,选择空气作为曝气气体,向废水中曝气而不超声时,废水中COD_Cr降解率仅为4.5%;在声能强度为119.4kW/m²条件下,超声时其降解率可达65%;采用超声辐照-活性污泥法联合处理焦化废水COD_Cr,与单独采用活性污泥法相比,废水的COD_Cr降解率可由单独采用活性污泥法的45%提高至81%;经超声波预处理后的废水,加活性污泥后,其耗氧速率有明显的降低,说明经超声波预处理后的焦化废水对生物无毒性.     

Degradation of bisphenol-A using ultrasonic irradiation assisted by low-concentration hydrogen peroxide

This study investigated the degradation of bisphenol-A (BPA) by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of different additives (H2O2,air bubbles and humic acid) under various operating conditions,i.e.,ultrasonic frequency,power intensity and power density.The results demonstrated that the BPA degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics under different experimental conditions.The optimum power intensities were 0.9,1.8,and 3.0W/cm 2 at the frequencies of 400,670,and 800 kHz,respectively.At the fixed frequ...     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

Escherichia coli inactivation by pressurized CO2 treatment methods at room temperature: Critical issues

This study aims to increase the inactivation efficiency of CO_2 against Escherichia coli under mild conditions to facilitate the application of pressurized CO_2 technology in water disinfection. Based on an aerating-cycling apparatus, three different treatment methods(continuous aeration, continuous reflux, and simultaneous aeration and reflux) were compared for the same temperature, pressure(0.3–0.7 MPa), initial concentration, and exposure time(25 min). The simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment(combined method) was shown to be the best method under optimum conditions, which were determined to be 0.7 MPa, room temperature, and an exposure time of 10 min. This treatment achieved 5.1-log reduction after 25 min of treatment at the pressure of 0.3 MPa and 5.73-log reduction after 10 min at 0.7 MPa. Log reductions of 4.4 and 5.0 occurred at the end of continuous aeration and continuous reflux treatments at 0.7 MPa, respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images suggested that cells were ruptured after the simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment and the continuous reflux treatment. The increase of the solubilization rate of CO_2 due to intense hydraulic conditions led to a rapid inactivation effect. It was found that the reduction of intracellular p H caused by CO_2 led to a more lethal bactericidal effect.     

游离氨(FA)协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用3个序批式反应器(SBR)(R0:硝化结束时停曝气;R_(0-30):硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;R_(0+30):硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气),控制3种游离氨(FA)浓度梯度(0.5,5.1,10.1 mg/L)协同3种曝气时间(t0:硝化结束时停曝气;t0-30:硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;t0+30:硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气)的条件下,研究了FA协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明:整个试验过程,在初始FA浓度相同条件下,R0和R_(0+30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.6%和99.3%,而R_(0-30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率仅为72.3%。在较低FA浓度(0.5,5.1 mg/L)条件下,随着曝气时间增加,活性污泥的污泥沉降比(SV30)值和污泥体积指数(SVI)值均逐渐降低,污泥沉降性能趋好。在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,随着运行周期的增加,污泥沉降性能逐步变好,R_(0-30)系统的SVI平均值最大,R_(0+30)系统次之,R0系统最小,其值分别为165.1,152.5,134.5 m L/g,且污泥活性f平均值大小顺序fR_(0-30)>fR0>fR_(0+30),其值分别为0.77、0.70和0.65。这表明在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,曝气时间延长,导致污泥活性降低。     

鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌SBR好氧污泥颗粒化能耗分析

在高径比20的鼓泡SBR和高径比1.2的鼓泡-搅拌SBR反应器中,考察了好氧污泥颗粒化过程中,污泥粒径、分形维数、微生物特性的变化.建立流体动力学模型,对鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌反应器中好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析,从水力学角度分析2个反应器污泥特性出现差异的原因.结果表明,鼓泡反应器内在表观气速2.0cm/s条件下形成了均值粒径0.604mm,平均沉降速度（24±5.8） m/h,SVI 36.33mL/g,MLSS维持在4500mg/L左右,表面光滑的好氧颗粒污泥.鼓泡-搅拌反应器在搅拌速度300r/min、表观气速1.05cm/s的条件下,成功培养以丝状菌为骨架的好氧颗粒污泥,均值粒径可达1.123mm,污泥的平均沉降速度为（19.6±5.1） m/h,SVI为41.33mL/g,MLSS维持在3300mg/L左右.好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析发现：好氧颗粒污泥培养初期,鼓泡-搅拌反应器因搅拌桨的加入,获得的湍动能远大于鼓泡反应器,约为100倍左右;而好氧颗粒形成之后,鼓泡反应器中上部位置的湍动能明显增加,且湍动能的大小大于鼓泡-搅拌反应器.相比较而言,鼓泡反应器相对节约能量.     

鼓风曝气系统氧利用率和动力效率的研究

研究了影响鼓风曝气系统氧利用率Eo 和动力效率Ep 的因素 ,给出了Eo 和Ep 与诸影响因素间的定量关系式。在鼓风曝气系统中 ,恰当地选取曝气器的浸没深度h和所产生气泡直径db 的组合 ,既可使氧气利用率高 ,又可使动力消耗少。这一结果对于指导曝气装置的设计和降低废水处理的能耗具有重要意义