浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物对水环境影响的安全性评估

用GB 3838-2002《地表水质量标准》和美国EPA推荐的“地面水质量标准”对浑河沈阳段地表水中的有机污染状况进行了安全性评估。用两种不同的方法评估,结果虽然有所差别,但结论是一致的,即浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物十分严重,已经对人体健康和生态环境安全构成危害。     

上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选

综合考虑国外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,根据上海市集中式生活饮用水源地特定80项和地表水控制的109项以外项目、全市挥发性和半挥发性有机项目、水源地突发性应急事故有机污染物等实际监测数据和历年来微量有机污染物研究成果,制定饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选的原则、程序和过程,对出现频率高、超标几率高、浓度高,可能对人体健康产生影响的有机污染物进行筛选,提出包括多环芳烃、酞酸酯、卤代烃和其他共4类7种上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物名单.     

治理后的太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

以2005年以后太湖无锡区域底质为研究对象，分析了太湖底泥中重金属的含量分布及富集状况，采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害进行评价。结果表明：太湖无锡区域底质受重金属轻度污染，含量高于全国水系沉积物平均值；地积累指数法显示太湖无锡区域底质中重金属污染排序为Cu=As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr〉Cd〉Hg；金属对太湖无锡区域底质构成的潜在生态危害由强到弱为Hg〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Zn；从区域上看，2种评价方法均表明底质中重金属危害程度为宜兴沿岸区〉梅梁湖〉五里湖〉贡湖无锡水域。     

基于有机物指纹图谱技术的长江南京段水中有机磷溯源研究

长江水环境污染物识别和溯源分析是保护长江水生态环境的前提。于2021年11月26—27日对长江南京段有机磷进行溯源调查,采用有机物指纹图谱识别技术对9个干流监测点位和7个临近入河排口监测点位之间以有机磷为代表的有机污染物的耦合关联性进行研究,筛查重点潜在污染水域及可能来源。研究结果表明,应用指纹图谱技术共识别出25类有机污染物,其中干流XC-02点位有机磷等有机污染物输入明显,主要受临近陆域污水处理厂、制药企业、石化企业及表面加工企业等的工业废水排放影响;干流XC-07点位有机磷离子峰强度升高,受上游传输与陆域入河排口XA-07点位共同影响。研究为河流有机污染物溯源提出了指纹图谱解析方法思路并得以应用,为水环境有机污染物管控提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选

结合潜在危害指数评价方法和加权评分方法,构建了新的地下水中典型污染物的筛选方法,并应用于下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选。将急性基准浓度值(CMC)和慢性基准浓度值(CCC)引入潜在危害指数评价中;鉴于潜在危害指数法不考虑化合物的环境浓度,将潜在危害指数法与加权评分法相结合,引进平均浓度、检出频次等影响因素,计算不同污染物加权评分结果;通过聚类分析,筛选出典型污染物。研究表明,下辽河平原区域地下水中筛选出的典型污染物包括:As、NH+4、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、1,1-二氯乙烯、α-六六六、p,p'-滴滴滴、p,p'-滴滴伊、苯并(a)芘。     

浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水质量对水生生物的影响

对浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水进行了水生生物毒性实验,参照Bulichi等人提出的"环境水样的综合危害性评估方法",评估了该河段地表水对水生生物安全的影响,并结合同期地表水基本项目的监测结果,分析了产生水生生物急性毒性的原因。     

舰艇舱室环境中的恶臭污染和优先控制策略

介绍了恶臭物质对人体健康的影响，分析了舰艇舱室内常见恶臭物质的分类、气味性质及来源，比对了国内外恶臭污染控制的相关标准。通过分析恶臭污染物的检出频次、毒性效应、气味安全级别、综合分值和艇内危害等级等指标，提出了舰艇舱室环境中24种恶臭物质的优先控制名单，指出舰艇的通风设计和硬件设备改进对于控制恶臭污染也很重要。     

石家庄大气中优先控制挥发性有机物筛选

综合考虑国内外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,结合实际调查情况,制定了石家庄市大气中优先控制挥发性有机物筛选的原则。对检出率高、贡献率高,可能对人体健康存在潜在危害性的挥发性有机物作筛选,提出了包含20种化合物的优先控制名单,其中卤代烃7种,芳香烃5种,酯类3种,酮类2种,烯烃、醛类和硫化物各1种。从化合物的用途和应用领域分析,医药化工行业可能是石家庄市区大气中挥发性有机物的主要排放源。     

三峡库区重庆段江水中持久性有机污染物污染状况分析

对三峡库区重庆段水域中持久性有机污染物的污染状况进行了分析,两期水样检出百多种有机物,冬季枯水期检出178种;夏季丰水期检出144种。其中属于美国国家环保局优先控制污染物黑名单的有18种,属于我国优先控制污染物黑名单的有7种。分析结果表明,重庆段水域多环芳烃类和邻苯二甲酸酯类检出率比较高,需要予以密切关注。     

乌鲁木齐市主要饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

运用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对2011—2013年乌鲁木齐市主要地下和地表饮用水源地水体中污染物通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价,结果显示:致癌物和非致癌物所致个人健康危害年风险均低于USEPA和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平,致癌物产生的健康危害年风险数量级10-9~10-5,高出非致癌物101~107数量级,各饮用水源地的个人健康危害年总风险以致癌物风险为主,致癌物中的重金属六价铬和砷风险占总风险的比例高达99.6%,应优先控制,地表水源地中挥发性有机致癌物对人体产生的潜在健康危害也不容忽视,非致癌物中要特别重视氟化物的危害。     

我国城市空气中有毒有害污染物暴露分析

我国目前正处于大气常规污染物治理与有毒有害污染物治理相互叠加的阶段,挥发性有机物等有毒有害大气污染物排放显著增加,大多城市环境赋存严重,而污染形势有待摸清。基于美国33种城市有毒有害大气污染物和日本23种大气优先控制污染物以及其他国家相关管控,根据我国企业化学品生产排放数据,综述了22种在我国东部经济带普遍存在的有毒有害大气污染物的环境赋存情况,对其在我国的环境检出、生产排放、污染物控制技术等进行了分析,发现苯、重金属等污染物检出浓度较高,多数污染物的最大检出浓度高于国外;国家管控有所不足,建议联合多种管理制度协同加强其风险管理,深度改善空气质量。     

Reference materials for the monitoring of the aquatic environment--a review with special emphasis on organic priority pollutants

During recent years, the awareness of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analyses has constantly increased, especially due to the implementation of new guidelines and regulations at both the national and international level. Achieving comparable results by using certified reference materials is one of the primary concerns of the scientific community. As a result, there is a growing demand for certified reference materials to cover different matrices and pollutants. Moreover, these CRMs should be in close relationship to the determinants and target concentrations required by environmental bodies and European Directives as well. Supplementary information to this paper presents an inventory of reference materials available on the market from different suppliers against the priority pollutants listed in the Water Framework Directive. These CRMs cover matrices such as water, sediment and biota. The use of CRMs in relationship to appropriate analytical methods and relevant determinants is discussed and the need for matrix-CRMs, particularly for organic pollutants is emphasised. The use of proficiency testing schemes as an alternative for the lack of appropriate CRMs and future trends in the production of CRMs within the BCR framework are also discussed.     

垃圾填埋场不同区域挥发性有机污染物季节变化特点

通过对北京某垃圾填埋场大气中不同区域挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的定性和定量分析,研究了其中部分VOCs的季节性特点和浓度分布规律。结果表明,夏、冬2季分别检测出98种和86种化合物,有12种美国环保署(USEPA)优先控制污染物在夏、冬季样品中均有检出。夏季样品中VOCs的浓度大多比冬季高,有的甚至高1个数量级以上。采用不同卫生填埋技术的各代表性区域的臭气浓度也呈现出规律性变化。为加强科学管理,减少扩散,降低风险提供参考。     

中国表层水体沉积物中多环芳烃源解析及评价

采用索氏提取气相色谱-质谱法测定中国6个重点水体表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃的含量。各化合物含量范围分别为长江6.20~163 ng/g、淮河7.90~249 ng/g、海河12.1~401 ng/g、松花江5.75~152 ng/g、太湖29.1~2 810 ng/g和滇池19.1~795ng/g；16种多环芳烃的总量分别为：长江1 147 ng/g、淮河1 723 ng/g、海河2 595 ng/g、松花江793 ng/g、太湖12472 ng/g、滇池3 714 ng/g，属中等污染水平。利用特征分子比值法分析结果表明6条水体表层沉积物中PAHs均可能以燃料（包括柴油、汽油、煤、木材）燃烧以及焦化污染为主。淮河和滇池还可能存在轻微石油泄漏污染。利用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）和沉积物质量标准法分别对6条水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的风险评估表明严重的多环芳烃生态风险在这些水体表层沉积物中不存在，但长江、淮河、松花江、海河均可能存在一定的潜在风险，负面生物毒性效应会偶尔发生，风险主要来源于荧蒽和菲。太湖和滇池水体中存在的潜在多环芳烃风险种类较多，风险主要来源于菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苊和蒽，对水生生物毒性效应较高，有必要进行更深入细致的调查研究高风险区域底栖生物的受损状况、污染来源和途径，以制定合理的污染控制对策。     

Distribution of Chlorinated Organic Pollutants in Harbor Sediments of Livorno (Italy): A Multivariate Approach to Evaluate Dredging Sediments

Dredging is a very important procedure for harbor management. InItaly the guidelines for the offshore dumping of dredged materials are issued by the Ministry of Environment. Theydescribed a few steps of dredging activities, such as thesampling strategy, but do not deal with limits or guide-valuesfor the chemical, physical and biological composition of theresulting sediments. The quality of dredged materials is mainlydependent on the presence of inorganic and organic pollutants.In particular, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organo-chlorinated pesticides are seen as a high priority inmarine environment by international organizations because oftheir persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation capacity.In this article the presence of some PCBs and organo-chlorinatedpesticides in sediment samples collected from the harbor ofLivorno (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea) was investigated. Theconcentration of HCHs, Aldrin, Chlordanes, DDEs, DDTs, and PCBsin 12 representative sites ranged between <1 g kg^–1and 95, 19, 32, 35, 107, and 111 g kg^–1, respectively.The application of univariate and multivariate statisticaltechniques, such as linear regression analysis and principalcomponent analysis, to the experimental data showed a differentdistribution of PCBs in the two sediment layers. On thecontrary, the vertical distribution of the other investigatedpollutants was more homogeneous and affected by randomvariability. The multivariate approach was an important tool to establish more rational criteria for the management of dredged materials.     

The ecological condition of Gulf of Mexico resources from Perdido Key to Port St. Joe, Florida: Part II near-shelf coastal resources

In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Ecology Division initiated a pilot study to assess the condition of nearshore coastal resources. Near-shelf areas associated with coastal beaches are susceptible to land based activities, but are not consistently monitored. Additionally, few or no marine water quality criteria exist for evaluating these waters. The goal of this pilot study was to assess the ecological condition of Gulf of Mexico near-shelf resources using a probability-based survey design. Data are used to generate a baseline assessment of condition in coastal nearshore areas and provide a comparative tool for evaluating future trends in condition. Water quality, sediment quality and benthic diversity data can provide a baseline assessment for managers to evaluate the potential for future problems such as nutrient over-enrichment, sediment contamination and degraded biological condition. We present results from a probability-based survey demonstration assessing near-shelf resources along the Florida panhandle.     

Trace monitoring of water-borne phenolics in the Klang River Basin

The Klang River Basin is located in the most densely populated region in Malaysia, with its heavy concentration of industries and population. A systematic study of the pollution to this river system caused by phenolic compounds have been carried out under this project. Analyses of water samples from the Klang River by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet (UV) detector at 280 nm have shown the presence of some priority phenolic pollutants.     

黄河口的水质、底质污染及其变化

分析了2001年在黄河口附近所取的3处水样和3处泥样中污染物的含量,并与历史数据进行了比较.利用<地表水环境质量标准>(GB3838-2002)和美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA)水体泥沙质量标准等分别对水体和底泥中的重金属(砷)和氮磷污染进行了评价.认为黄河口的水污染严重,主要污染物为汞和氮;泥沙污染尚不严重,但污染物的增长率高;水体中较高的氮含量和泥沙中氮含量的迅速增高可能会对渤海湾的富营养化情况产生影响.