官厅水库入库断面水质多指标评价与演变特征分析

水体质量状况及其污染特征是流域水污染防治规划和治理措施制定的前提和基础。采用主成分分析和层次聚类分析等多元统计分析方法,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量等10个不同类型的监测指标,综合评价了官厅水库入库断面八号桥2006—2017年丰水期和枯水期水质年际变化特征,识别了不同阶段关键污染指标。结果表明:各年份丰水期(9月)大多数水质指标均优于枯水期(5月),特别是粪大肠菌群和氨氮,但总磷和高锰酸盐指数的差异较小。根据水质指标年际变化情况,可将研究期分为污染严重阶段(2006—2007年)、污染改善阶段(2008—2015年)和污染全面好转阶段(2016—2017年)。大部分水质指标呈现逐年好转的趋势,特别是粪大肠菌群、氨氮和五日生化需氧量,但总磷仍是官厅水库入库河流的重要污染指标。     

长江下游典型滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染特征

为揭示长江下游滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染状况,以滨江临海的南通市为例,网格化布点,采集表层农业土壤样品共计334个,对其重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,研究区域表层农业土壤中各重金属含量均已超过其背景值,且以Pb污染最为严重;区域性差异较大,以滨海的如东、海门、启东污染最为严重,且以海门、启东As含量最高;各重金属间相关性不显著,来源途径不止一种.从而提出南通市农业土壤重金属污染的防治应立足于防重于治的方针,着重滨海地区,以Pb、As污染源为主,并对污染土壤进行修复.     

太湖沉积物重金属污染及生态风险性评价

对1993年～1999年所采集的太湖表层沉积物中重金属含量进行了统计分析和生态风险性评价.结果表明,太湖沉积物的pH值呈中性至弱碱性,较适合于沉积物中粘土矿物及腐殖质对重金属的吸附;太湖大部分地区沉积物未受到重金属污染,且沉积物中重金属处于安全状态.沉积物生态风险性指数评价结果也表明,太湖大部分地区目前无重金属生态危害.     

官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用气相色谱法对北京市官厅水库沉积物表层中持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了调查,并对有机氯农药污染水平和生态风险作出评价。结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量为8.48 ng/g～24.40 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为1.11 ng/g～7.73 ng/g和2.97 ng/g～10.52 ng/g,其组分特征为来自环境的残留。与沉积物风险评估低值(ERL)和风险评估中值(ERM)对比评价沉积物中有机污染物的风险程度,官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

清水河流域水体中5种重金属的分布特征及健康风险评价

通过2018年在清水河流域布设32个采样点监测各水期Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cd 5种重金属质量浓度,分析重金属污染状况和来源,并评价对人体产生的健康风险。结果表明：总体上清水河流域5种重金属质量浓度较低,除了Fe在丰水期平均质量浓度超过标准值外,其余均未超标。各采样点重金属质量浓度存在较大差异,总体表现为支流高于干流。受污染最严重的水期为丰水期,受污染最严重的区域为苋麻河,主要污染贡献因子为Fe。5种重金属产生的总健康风险最高为313×10-7 a-1,远低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受水平（1×10-4 a-1）,其中致癌污染物Cd产生的健康风险最大。     

湘江(株洲段)沉积物重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

采集湘江(株洲段)9个断面的底泥样品,和1个柱状样品,对重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As)含量进行了检测;并运用地质积累指数法对底泥中重金属进行了生态风险评价.结果表明,该江段底泥已受到较严重的重金属污染,在霞湾断面达峰值.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量为湘江背景值4.6倍~58.8倍,比该江段20世...     

北江底泥中重金属污染特征及生态危害评价

测定了北江五个监测断面的底泥中重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,镉含量在11.7-76.0mg/ks之间,铬含量在46.5-112.3mg/kg之间,铜含量在62.0～173.7mg/kg之间,铅含量在148.7-491.0mg/kg之间,锌含量在303.3-1453.0mg/kg之间,这五种重金属含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和我国湖泊底泥中重金属的平均值.经计算,北江底泥中这五种重金属具有较强的相关性(相关系数在0.89～0.99之间),表明其具有同源性.采用瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对北江五个底泥监测断面的镉、铬、铜、铅、锌进行了潜在生态危害评价,其潜在生态危害指数均大于600,表明北江五个底泥采样断面的重金属潜在生态危害均为很强.     

城市河流各水期水质变化分析

选取宁波市区20个监测断面作为研究对象,选择溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、铜、锌、挥发酚、石油类作为评价指标,利用主成分分析法分别对其枯水期、平水期、丰水期进行综合水质评价。根据计算结果提取了3个主成分因子(有机物因子、氨氮和重金属因子、挥发酚因子),累计方差贡献率达到84.02%,基本保留了选取指标的有效信息。结果发现,各监测断面污染状况均显示为枯水期>平水期>丰水期,枯水期、平水期、丰水期断面达标率分别为20%、50%、80%,主要超标水域为鄞州河网、中大河、鄞江下游,评价结果与实际情况相符合。     

污灌农田土壤镉污染状况及分布特征研究

对沈阳郊区某河沿岸部分乡镇的污灌农田土壤中重金属全镉含量进行了分析,评价了土壤镉污染状况,并探讨了该河沿岸土壤中镉的沿程分布特征、横向分布特征和垂向分布特征.结果表明,农田土壤重金属镉含量范围为0.15～8.23mg/kg,均值为1.75mg/kg.用土壤环境质量标准二级标准值对土壤中的全镉含量进行评价,平均镉污染指数为5.95,为重度污染;用土壤背景值标准评价,平均镉污染指数为5.95,超过当地背景值水平8.39倍,污灌已造成该地区重金属镉污染,且污染程度十分严重.该河渠从上游到下游,沿岸土壤镉含量呈降低趋势;横向分布上,距离该河渠越远,镉含量有逐渐减少的趋势;垂向分布上,表层土壤镉含量最高.     

乐安河水体重金属出入河通量探究

在分析乐安河沿程水质的基础上,将乐安河全年按丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别统计进出水量、总重金属及溶解态重金属年出入河通量。结果表明:乐安河总重金属质量浓度及溶解态重金属质量浓度呈先上升后下降趋势,出水水质仍能达到Ⅲ类水质标准;2016年乐安河内新增Cu、Zn、Pb质量分别为36.968 t、51.39 t、0.288 t;乐安河内每年可新增重金属量已逐年减少,大量重金属元素将最终排入鄱阳湖内。     

官厅水库富营养化的评价

综述了官厅水库水系的近期状况 ;在库区选择了 8个具有代表性的断面 ,分析测试了 1 1项水质指标 ,采用 Vol-lenweider的理论评价了库区水质为中 -富营养等级 ;提出了改善水库水系的 4点建议     

Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals and trace elements in sediments of Lake Uluabat

To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution, the distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in the sediment of Lake Uluabat was characterized. The present study used a four-stage method to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the heavy metal and trace elements fractions in the sediment of Lake Uluabat. Total Cr and Ni concentrations in the sediment were determined to have exceeded the severe effect level (SEL) limit values. The percentages of the variable fractions of Cr and Ni were below 10%. Because of this reason, they were not defined to have a high risk. The relationships among the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and trace elements in water and sediment were determined statistically. Pb, Cd, and As in the water were found in relation with some of the fractions. Moreover, it was thought that the amounts of the elements of As releasing into the water might be increased due to their relations with the physicochemical parameters.     

Small effects of a large sediment contamination with heavy metals on aquatic organisms in the vicinity of an abandoned lead and zinc mine

The effects of the long-term contamination of water reservoirs with mine effluents were investigated at an abandoned mine site in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. The studies covered metal content and mobility in bottom sediments as well as water chemistry in relation to the content of metals in selected macrophytes and their physiology and the composition of phyto- and zooplankton communities. Although it is 40 years since mining ceased, reservoir sediments are still heavily contaminated with cadmium, zinc and lead with concentrations (mg/kg), which vary roughly between 130–340, 10,000–50,000 and 4,000–12,000, respectively. About 50–80 % of these elements are associated with the reducible phase, and only a small percentage, <10 %, is present in the most mobile exchangeable phase. Despite the high total metal concentration in sediments, their content in the submerged plants Myriophyllum spicatum and the emerged plants Phragmites australis was low. The observed effects of heavy metal contamination on photosynthetic activity in the leaves of P. australis were negligible, whereas those in M. spicatum show up only as a difference in the distribution of photosynthetic activity in leaves of different ages, which seems to be related to the very good water quality and to the generally small concentrations of metals in pond water. The physicochemical properties of water also seem to control the presence of planktonic species more than does sediment contamination. However, a shift toward groups of species known to be more resistant to heavy metals (diatoms, green algae and Rotifera) indicates some adaptative changes related to the long-lasting contamination of ponds.     

Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in fresh water after dam construction: a case study of the Manwan Reservoir, Lancang River

This study investigated temporal heavy metal characteristics over the past 20 years and the spatial variation of heavy metal characteristics at the Manwan Reservoir tail, center, and head in the Lancang River, Yunnan Province, China. The following heavy metals were selected for analysis: Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Fe, and Mn. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and the Pearson correlation matrix were used to distinguish the main pollution factors and sources before and after dam construction. The results indicate that the average annual values of heavy metals were far lower than the recommended values of the surface water quality standards in China with the exception of Hg. The concentration of metals showed considerable variation by season, where higher levels of metals generally occurred in high flow periods. The results from PCA show that three significant components were extracted, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The ANOVA results indicate that Pb, Fe, Mn, and Cr had significant spatial variation (P < 0.05) at the reservoir tail, center and head. The enrichment factor (EF) used to compare the accumulation effect of heavy metals indicated that there was no enrichment (EF < 1) of heavy metals with the exception of Mn, which showed minor enrichment (1 < EF < 3) between the reservoir center and head. The spatiotemporal variation and the accumulation effects of water heavy metals were not distinct due to the construction of the Manwan Reservoir.     

A study on chemical properties of groundwater and soil in ophiolitic rocks in Firuzabad, east of Shahrood, Iran: with emphasis to heavy metal contamination

In order to assess the chemical properties of groundwater and soil in ophiolitic zone of Firuzabad, in east of Shahrood, Iran, 10 soil samples with regard to sensitive points (vicinity to mine, ophiolitic rocks, and villages) and 10 groundwater samples including nine samples from springs, and also one sample from a well in a village of the study area were taken. These samples were analyzed in laboratories using inductively coupled plasma method. The soil samples were also evaluated for grain size. The obtained results show that most of heavy and major elements were exceeding the permissible levels in soil and water samples in the study area. On the subject of soil quality, concentrations of elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ca, Ni, and Zn are above permissible levels. Enrichment factor and index of geoaccumulation have been calculated for heavy and major elements of all soil samples. According to the obtained results, it may be argued that soil samples are contaminated in relation to the above-mentioned indices. Comparing the concentrations of elements with results of grain size analysis illustrates that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Fe, Mg, and Co are positively correlated with sand fraction and the concentrations of Al, P, Mn, and Pb are directly proportional with clay fraction in soil samples. The study on water contamination suggests that concentrations of elements Cr, Ni, and Mg in groundwater samples of the study area are above the permissible levels. Some indices like metal index and heavy metal pollution index show that most of the water samples include heavy metal contamination.     

Assessment of some trace heavy metals and radioactivity concentration in water of Bendimahi River Basin (Van, Turkey)

The levels of heavy metals were determined in the water of Bendimahi River Basin, statistically analysed and compared to natural gross radioactivity concentration. Fifteen samples of water were collected from Bendimahi River and Van Lake for two seasons in 2005. Water samples were analyzed for eight trace elements and concluded together with gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity concentrations. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in water samples collected from Bendimahi River basin. Correlation analysis was made for radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations and the Pearson correlation coefficients between gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity and heavy metal were determined. The concentrations of all metals were found to be higher than WHO, EC, EPA and TSE-266 guidelines for drinking water, except for Zn and Cu. Generally, the heavy metal concentrations in water samples obtained in May and in August were found to be in sequence of Fe>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Mn>Co>Cd and Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Mn>Co>Cd, respectively. The gross-alpha and gross-beta activity concentration varies between 0.063 and 0.782, 0.021 and 0.816 Bq l(-1) in samples collected in May, and 0.009 and 0.037, 0.081 and 3.116 Bq l(-1) in samples collected in August.     

基于光谱分析的重金属污染废水遥感监测方法

以某重金属矿区3个水域（a、b、c）作为研究区,采集Aster卫星传感器的遥感监测数据,再运用分光辐射光谱仪测定标准板与目标水体,计算目标水体的光谱反射率,分析各区域水体遭受重金属污染时的光谱反射特征,实现基于光谱分析的重金属污染废水遥感监测。结果表明：a区域内水体重金属污染程度由深水区向浅水区逐步增强,水体呈现出橙红色;b区域内水体重金属污染程度由浅水区向深水区逐步增强,水体呈现为棕红色;c区域内水体未受到重金属污染,整个区域内水体为铜绿色。该结果与现场采集的各区域水体遭受重金属污染的情况一致。     

赣东北德兴矿区周边女性居民头发中重金属分布特征

应用ICP-MS/AFS测定江西德兴矿区(铜矿和铅锌矿)周边地区祝家村和戴村女性居民头发中重金属含量。探讨了河水、土壤、饮用水、人发中的重金属分布,着重分析了人发中重金属含量与年龄间的关系,指出最易受环境污染危害的人群。研究表明,人发中重金属含量与人所处的地质环境密切相关,人发中重金属含量主要受控于地质环境中某个(些)主导因素。不同年龄段人群重金属元素的分布对矿山开发环境的响应不同。人发中一些有害元素(Pb、Cd)在儿童组(15岁以下)普遍表现为高含量。这说明矿山开发释放的污染元素对儿童的危害最大。不同地区不同元素与年龄间的关系不同。人发重金属含量与年龄关系较为复杂,不存在统一的结论,应具体情况具体分析。     

薄膜扩散梯度技术在重金属生物有效态监测中的应用

重金属生物有效性是评估重金属元素迁移性、生物可利用性和生态影响的关键参数。薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)是一种原位被动采样技术,因其具有原位富集性、形态选择性,可提供被监测物质在监测时间段内的平均浓度等优点,可作为生物对重金属摄取的模拟替代物对环境介质中重金属的生物可利用度进行预测,已被广泛应用于环境介质中重金属生物有效性的测定。研究主要介绍了DGT技术的原理、组成和特点,评述了其近年来在水体、土壤、沉积物中重金属生物有效态应用方面的新进展,提出了DGT技术未来要提高抗生物污染能力及寻找可与DGT技术联用的相关技术的观点。