超高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定地表水和饮用水中6种氨基甲酸酯类农药

建立了快速测定地表水和饮用水中甲萘威、灭多威、克百威、残杀威、涕灭威、杀线威6种氨基甲酸酯类农药的超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。 水样用等体积乙腈提取,经微孔滤膜过滤后直接进样,在 UPLC BEH C₁₈ 色谱柱上分离,正离子电喷雾多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法定量。线性范围为0.1~10μg/L或1~100μg/L,相关系数均大于 0.999;检出限为 0.01或0.1μg/L,5.0μg/L浓度水平的平均加标回收率为98%~101%(n=6),RSD均小于5%。方法专属、灵敏、快速、准确。     

壬基酚和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚同时分析的方法建立

建立了能同时检测污水和污泥中的NP和短链NPEOn的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法,在水样中NP、NPEO1和NPEO2用GC-MS分析方法的检测限分别为2、2和1.5μg/L,用HPLC分析方法的检测限分别为0.01、0.03和0.03mg/L;在泥样中NP、NPEO1和NPEO2用GC-MS分析方法的检测限分别为2、2和1.5ng/g,用HPLC分析方法的检测限分别为0.01、0.03和0.03μg/g。方法的建立为掌握污水和污泥样品中的NP和短链NPEOn提供了方法保障。     

用于小分子有机污染物现场快速检测的化学发光免疫分析技术

基于融合化学发光原理、生物亲和反应原理和光纤生物传感原理,设计了一种化学发光光纤免疫传感分析仪,建立了小分子有机污染物的现场快速灵敏检测技术。以双酚A(BPA)为例,结合间接竞争免疫反应原理,通过研发惰性蛋白卵清蛋白偶联的包被抗原(BPA-OVA)功能化的光纤探头,建立了BPA现场快速检测的化学发光免疫分析新方法。结果表明,其线性检测范围为0.95~100.9μg/L,检测限为0.15μg/L。实际水样加标回收实验表明,该方法回收率为94.5%~116.0%,标准偏差<10%。该方法具有很好的精密度和准确度,能够用于实际水样中BPA的检测。利用其他小分子有机污染物包被抗原功能化的光纤探头和相应的荧光标记抗体,化学发光光纤免疫传感分析仪即可用于其他小分子有机污染物的现场快速检测。     

水中砷快速检测方法研究

采用实验室与现场相结合的方法对砷快速测定方法的可靠性和应用价值进行研究。研究显示,该法检出限为2μg/L,具有较好的准确度,对于砷质量浓度5μg/L的水样,相对误差为1.00%~10.00%,对于砷质量浓度为5μg/L的水样,虽然相对误差较大,为22.40%,但其测定结果在砷污染快速监测可接受的结果范围内;精密度较高,相对标准差为5.27%~16.54%;同时具有较好的再现性。该方法能减少砷污染筛查的工作量,可满足应对砷污染突发事件应急监测的需求。     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取，用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明，方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好；检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间；空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％，平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％；测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样，未检出目标化合物，加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定地表水中总微囊藻毒素的快速前处理方法探究

为方便地表水中总微囊藻毒素(TMCs)的预警监测,探究提取MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR的不同快速前处理方法,建立同时测定3种TMCs的煮沸-过滤-UPLC-MS/MS法。该方法在0.006μg/L~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.006μg/L~0.010μg/L,实际水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为88.6%~108%,6次测定结果的RSD为2.6%~9.4%。     

超高效液相色谱—串联质谱快速测定水中的溴氰菊酯

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定地表水及饮用水中溴氰菊酯的方法,并应用于实际水样的检测分析。结果表明:水样经0.22μm滤膜过滤后可直接采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪多重反应监测(MRM)模式定量检测水中溴氰菊酯;最优分析条件下,溴氰菊酯的检出限为0.30μg/L,其线性检测范围为0.30~20.0μg/L,相关系数为0.999 7;采用该方法检测水中的溴氰菊酯,不同水平(2.00、5.00μg/L和20.0μg/L)样品加标回收率为95.5%~98.5%,相对标准偏差为1.37%~3.59%。方法快速简便、灵敏度高、定性定量准确,适合日常批量水样的快速分析。     

地表水中氨基甲酸酯农药及代谢物的快速、灵敏分析方法研究

利用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱/串联质谱,建立水样中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药及代谢物的分析方法.该方法在5min之内完成15种目标物的分析;加标回收率为80.4%～120.7%,相对标准偏差为0.7%～12.0%;检测限为0.005～0.2ng/L;在0.002～0.2μg/ml浓度范围内具有很好的线性.该方法具有快速、灵敏的特点.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法直接测定环境水样中8种有机磷农药

建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）同时测定环境水样中8种有机磷农药的分析方法。以地表水、地下水、污水和废水样品作为代表性水样基底,前处理方法仅采用简单的滤膜过滤,在C₁₈柱分离后,在多反应监测模式下进行分析检测。结果表明,敌百虫、毒死蜱等有机磷农药在样品保存过程中迅速发生降解,分析须在样本采集后1 d内完成;该方法的检出限为0.10~0.20 μg/L,线性拟合相关系数（r）均>0.995;不同基底、不同浓度的加标回收实验表明,8种有机磷农药在环境基底中的回收率为74.5%~118%,相对标准偏差为0.4%~8.6%。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性好,在未来环境监测工作中具有较好的应用前景。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立了液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。中性条件下,在水样中加入氯化钠,用环己烷进行萃取,得到方法检出限为0.019~0.044μg/L,在10.0μg/L~1.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.999。加标水平为2.5μg/L时,空白水样加标回收率为74.8%~104%,相对标准偏差为4.79%~11.5%;实际水样加标回收率为69.1%~111%,相对标准偏差为5.83%~17.6%。方法适用于成分不复杂的实际水样中硝基氯苯类化合物的检测。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.