创新我国环境监测质量管理体系初探

在调研国内外环境监测质量管理模式的基础上,提出了强化环境监测统一监督管理,建立国家环境监测质量管理与技术中心、区域(流域)环境监测质量管理与技术中心,完善各级环境监测机构质量管理工作体系的设想.     

关于环境监测部门技术监督职能问题的探讨

一、环境监测部门技术监督职能的理论和法律依据有关环境监测部门的技术监督职能问题,通过十多年来广大环境监测科技人员的学术理论研究和实践,已日益被人们所确认.尤其是全国第四次环境监测工作会议确定了“环境监测面向环境管理,环境管理依靠环境监测”的环境监测基本方针,从理论和实践上科学地阐明了环境监测与环境管理的辩证统一关系.环境监测与环境管理的关系有人比喻是环境保护的两只手:一是对环境质量的技术监测与监督;一是对环境质量的行政法制监督管理与科学决策.二者共同承担着改善环境质量,保护生态环境,对环境实施统一监督管理的任务.     

关于环境监测管理体制改革的思考

为规范环境监测和环境管理行为,促进环境监测事业的发展,在新的一轮事业单位机构改革中,要准确定位环境监测机构,理顺环境监测管理体制。环境监测行为是一项政府行为,环境监测人员应该参照公务员管理;有必要实行省级环境监测体系的垂直整合或实行全国环境监测体系的垂直整合并在新出台的《环境监测管理条例》预以明确。     

科学、文明、务实、奋进努力促进“九五”环境监测工作跃上新的台阶──国家环保局监督管理司陆新元司长在第五次全国环境监测会议上的总结报告

科学、文明、务实、奋进努力促进“九五”环境监测工作跃上新的台阶国家环保局监督管理司陆新元司长在第五次全国环境监测会议上的总结报告（１９９７年８月２１日）从第四次全国环境监测会议以来七个年头过去了，环境保护工作出现了难得的历史机遇，环境监测到了大有可为...     

环境监测市场化若干问题的思考

在环境监测市场化内涵辨析的基础上,界定了环境监测市场化包括非公共服务属性的环境监测使市场起决定性作用和公共服务属性的环境监测引入市场机制两层涵义,分析了环境监测市场化中政府与市场的职责和定位,提出了建立健全环境监测市场机制需要重点研究的若干问题。     

对环境监测工作定位的探讨

随着我国环境法制的不断完善,对环境监测工作提出更高的要求,给环境监测工作明确“定位”是迫切需要解决的问题。根据法学原理,从环境监测的基本方针、主要任务、在诉讼中的作用以及技术鉴定对环境监测的要求及法律责任等方面进行探讨,阐述环境监测应定位于“技术鉴定”及环境监测工作在环境执法中的重要地位。     

环境监测机构计量认证中应注意的问题

《中华人民共和国计量法》规定,凡向社会提供公证数据的产品质量检验机构,必须经省级以上计量行政主管部门考核合格。环境监测机构出具的各类监测数据主要用于环境质量评价和环境监督管理,应具有准确性、公正性、权威性和科学性。因此,环境监测机构应按规定进行计量认证。2000年10月24日,国家质量技术监督局认证与实验室评审管理司发布了《产品质量检验机构计量认证/审查认可(验收)评审准则》(质技监函[2000]046号)(简称新《评审准则》),对原计量认证和审查认可(验收)考核制度作出相应的改革和调整。目前很多环境监测机构正在开展计量认…     

环境监测科研管理相关问题探讨

环境监测科研是环境监测的一项基础性工作，是环境监测事业发展的重要保障。加强环境监测科研工作，需要不断探索适合于时代发展和环境监测以及环境管理工作实际情况的环境监测科研管理模式。对环境监测科研管理的内涵和特点进行了分析；对环境监测科研管理部门的定位、环境监测科研管理的科研计划管理、环境监测科研管理中的科研队伍建设等进行了探讨。     

试论环境监测与环境管理的辩证关系

环境监测为环境管理服务,这个指导思想已提了多年了,实践中也取得了一定的进展。但目前依然不同程度地存在着监测与管理脱节的现象。因此坚持环境监测为环境管理服务的方向,探讨和研究环境监测如何适应监督管理和宏观管理的需要,提高监测和管理水平,仍然是环境保护工作中亟待解决的问题。     

社会环境监测机构发展现状、监管政策及对策建议

随着社会环境监测机构的数量与日俱增,其工作质量的良莠不齐造成了环境监测数据质量下降,也给相关的监督管理工作带来了巨大挑战。总结了社会环境监测机构的发展现状及存在问题,综述了各省（区、市）针对社会环境监测机构的主要监管政策与措施,提出了完善监管体系与强化监管手段,促进行业高质量发展,高度重视人才培养,推动质控新技术应用,探索第三方监理制度,推广统一监控样品应用等建议,以进一步加强社会环境监测机构监管。     

Seaweeds as bioindicators of heavy metals off a hot spot area on the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast during 2008–2010

Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Hg were measured successively in water, sediments, and six macroalgal species belonging to three algal classes during 3 years (2008–2010) from Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt: Chlorophyceae (Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva fasciata), Phaeophyceae (Padina boryana), and Rhodophyceae (Jania rubens, Hypnea musciformis, Pterocladia capillacea). The study aimed to assess the bioaccumulation potential of the seaweeds, as well as to evaluate the extent of heavy metal contamination in the selected study site. Metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry coupled with MH-10 hydride system. The obtained data showed that the highest mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were recorded in E. compressa; Cd, Ni, and Hg exhibited their highest mean concentrations in P. boryana, while Pb and Co were found in J. rubens. Abundance of the heavy metals in the algal species was as follow: Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Co?>?Cu?>?Cd?>?Hg. E. compressa showed the maximum metal pollution index (MPI) which was 11.55. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) for the metals in algae was relatively high with a maximum value for Mn. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) values for the recorded algal species were low, which ranged between 1.00 in P. boryana and 2.72 in E. compressa. Enrichment factors for sediments were low fluctuating between 0.43 for Hg to 2.33 for Mn. Accordingly, the green alga E. compressa, brown alga P. boryana, and red alga J. rubens can be nominated as bioindicators. Based on MPI and PLI indices, Abu Qir Bay in the present study is considered as low-contaminated area.     

Residual levels, tissue distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fishes from Taihu Lake, China

Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fishes collected from Taihu Lake, Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) and Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C. idellus), were studied. OCPs were detected in all samples with hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), aldrins (including aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone), heptachlors (heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) being the predominant compounds for both fish species. Gill and gonad were found to be the dominant tissues for OCP bioaccumulation followed by liver, while muscle showed the least affinity of OCPs for both fishes. Tissue distribution indicated the exchange of contaminants between water and gill, as well as the food intake from environment were the dominant pathways for OCP bioaccumulation in gill-breathing fish, and the following tissue distribution was affected by both the physiological properties of target tissues and physicochemical characteristics of pesticides. OCP residues in fish were species-specific (45.63–1575.26 ng/g dry weight (dw) for C. idellus; 8.40–60.23 ng/g dw for C. carpio) mainly due to the growth rate of individuals as well as the metabolic capacity difference among species. HCHs and DDTs observed in fishes from Taihu Lake were comparable and moderate with other reported places in China. Human exposure risk assessment performed with the estimated daily intake values demonstrated the consumption of target fish species in Taihu Lake at present was safe.     

Evaluation of land use and water quality in an agricultural watershed in the USA indicates multiple sources of bacterial impairment

Pathogens are the number one cause of impairments of assessed rivers and streams in the USA and pose a significant human health hazard. The Dry Run Creek Watershed in Northeast Iowa has been designated as impaired by the State of Iowa because of high levels of Escherichia coli bacteria. To investigate the nature of this impairment, land use and stream bank assessments were coupled with comprehensive water quality monitoring. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured at 13 different sites in the watershed, including pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia-N, nitrate?+?nitrite-N, total phosphorus, and E. coli. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrate communities were analyzed at seven sites, and optical brightener tests were performed late in the season. Results identified segments of the watershed that were more prominent contributors of E. coli, and correlations were observed between levels of E. coli and several chemical parameters, including ammonia-N, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Interestingly, distinct sites emerged as more prominent contributors of these elements during rain vs. non-rain events, suggesting different types of sources. Both the amount of rainfall and the time elapsed between the rain event and the sampling influenced E. coli levels during wet weather conditions. Nitrate?+?nitrite-N displayed a unique response to rain events compared with the other parameters, suggesting a different delivery route. Analyses of benthic macroinvertebrate communities were consistent with pollution trends. Collectively, these data suggest distinct agriculturally related E. coli contributions, as well as specific areas and practices for water quality improvement strategies. This study can serve as a resource for evaluating agricultural watersheds that are impaired for bacteria.     

Analysis of heavy metals in marine fish from Mumbai Docks

Seafood containing heavy metals as a result of environmental contamination causes toxicity in human beings. To evaluate such kind of contamination, our study targeted the analysis of metals such as lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in muscle tissue of the fish. The fish commonly consumed such as Brama brama (Pomfret), Rachycentron canadus (Surmai/King Fish), Rastrelliger kanagurta (Mackerel), Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Ravas/Indian salmon), and Metapenaeus monoceros (Brown Prawn) were collected from four different docks in the city. The heavy metals in tissue samples of fish were estimated using voltammeter and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal concentration in the tissues varied significantly depending upon the locations from where the fish were collected. Although the concentration of arsenic, copper, cadmium, and lead were in normal range, the concentration of mercury was found to exceed the daily permissible levels (1 μg/g) as a food source for human consumption. We have analyzed heavy metals from different locations in Mumbai—Versova dock, Sassoon dock, Navi Mumbai dock, and Mazgaon dock.     

Investigation of the bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility of dental units

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination level and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in Istanbul. Bacterial quality of DUWLs is very important, as patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated by the unit. If opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila are present in DUWLs, patient and dental staff can be infected. One hundred water samples were collected from high-speed drills and input waters from 50 dental units. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria counts and the presence of Legionella, Pseudomonas, oral streptococci, and Staphylococcus were investigated in dental unit waters and aerosol samples. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated and identified bacteria from DUWLs was examined. This research found that 37 out of 50 dental unit water samples exceeded the American Dental Association’s limit of 200 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL^?1. Legionella, oral streptococci, and S. aureus were not detected in any water or aerosol samples, but P. aeruginosa was isolated in three DUWLs. Also, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus were found in water and aerosol samples. Cefoperazone, ofloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated bacteria from DUWLs.     

Nitrosamine occurrence at Korean surface water using an analytical method based on GC/LRMS

The survey of nitrosamine occurrence at Korean surface water of Nakdong river is conducted in this study. For this purpose, the nitrosamine analytical method based on more affordable GC/LRMS (low resolution mass spectrometry) has been developed. According to the study results, six nitrosamine compounds (NDEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDPA as N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, NDMA as N-nitrosodimethylamine, NMEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDBA as N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, and NDPHA as N-nitrosodiphenylamine) were detected at the Nakdong river. Among these, NDEA and NDPA are the most important compounds in terms of the nitrosamine contamination of the Nakdong river. The detected concentration of NDEA exceeded the CDHCS (California Department of Health Care Services) response level of 100 ng/L at several sites. The detected concentration of NDPA approached the response level (500 ng/L) at a few sites. When all nitrosamine concentrations were summed up, the maximum concentration of 735.7 ng/L was detected at the Nakdong river. An equation describing a decrease in total nitrosamine concentration along downstream sampling sites was proposed in this study. The equation can be used to predict the downstream nitrosamine contamination at the Nakdong river. Among various water quality parameters, T-N showed a good correlation with total nitrosamine concentration.     

Changes in the abundance and composition of zooplankton from the ports of Mumbai, India

Zooplankton abundance, biomass, and composition from the ports of Mumbai, India, were studied by selecting 14 stations in and around the area during three different periods between 2001 and 2002 (Nov 01, Apr 02, and Oct 02). The results are compared with the records available since the 1940s. Copepod species such as Canthocalanus sp., Paracalanus arabiensis, Cosmocalanus sp., Euterpina acutifrons, Nannocalanus minor, and Tortanus sp. which were not reported in the earlier studies were observed during the present investigation. Purely herbivorous forms like Nannocalanus minor, Paracalanus sp., and Temora discaudata were in reduced abundance during Apr 02 sampling which was coupled with reduction in the diatom population. Whereas increased abundance of some carnivorous and omnivorous forms during Apr 02 sampling can be related to the changes in the food web dynamics.     

Physicochemical properties of seeds of Capparis species growing wild in Turkey

While Capparis spinosa var. herbaceace (2009) seeds collected from the Mardin-midyat region contains the highest protein (22.25 %), C. spinosa var. spinosa seeds (2009) collected from the Mu?la-Milas region contained the lowest protein (18.25 %). In addition, oil contents of C. spinosa and Capparis ovata seeds changed between 27.74 to 31.09 and 28.66 to 31.40 %, respectively. Crude cellulose contents of C. spinosa and C. ovata seeds were found as 28.24 and 29.67 %, respectively. It was found that ash content of C. spinosa and C. ovata seeds were found between 2.13 and 2.23 %, respectively. Phenolic matter content of C. spinosa and C. ovata were found between 1.98 mg (GAE) and 1.76 mg (GAE), respectively. Radical activity values of C. spinosa and C. ovata were determined as 83.432 and 83.718 %, respectively.     

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Legionella isolated from environmental water systems: first results from Turkey

We evaluated the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Legionella obtained from hotel and hospital water systems in three different regions of Turkey. Sixty-five Legionella strains (Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 [n?=?32], L. pneumophila serogroup 1 [n?=?27], L. pneumophila serogroup 3 [n?=?2], and Legionella spp. [n?=?4]) were tested against levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and rifampicin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of each antimicrobial agent for these strains was determined by the microdilution method using buffered yeast extract medium supplemented with 0.1% ketoglutarate broth. L. pneumophila ATCC 33152, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as controls. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were in the following ranges: clarithromycin 0.001–0.5 mg/L, azithromycin 0.001–0.5 mg/L, levofloxacin 0.001–0.5 mg/L, ciprofloxacin 0.001–0.125 mg/L, and rifampicin 0.001– 0.5 mg/L. The MIC₉₀ for rifampicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were 0.015, 0.125, 0.06, 0.125, and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine in vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against Legionella species in Turkey. Rifampicin had the lowest MIC₉₀ value. It would seem that azithromycin and clarithromycin exhibit good activity as well as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Legionella isolated from environmental water systems in Turkey.     

Rainwater toxicity and contamination study from São Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil

Wet deposition is an important process that removes pollutants from the atmosphere and transfers them to waters and soil. The goal of this study was to assess the biological effects of the atmospheric contamination of rainwater in the metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP) using Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Vibrio fischeri. Experimental assays were carried out according to standard toxicity methodology. Twenty-three rainwater samples were collected from October 2007 to December 2008, at the Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), in MASP. Major ions were determined by ionic chromatography, which showed NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? as prevalent ions. Ecotoxicological results confirmed toxic potential of rainwater, as all samples were toxic to D. similis and C. dubia. The V. fischeri luminescence reduction confirmed those negative effects of rainwater and percentage inhibition of relative luminescence ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 for 16 samples. Worse conditions were observed during the rainy season, suggesting convective rains are more effective in transferring contaminants and toxicity from atmosphere to surface.