“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势

利用2016—2020年宁波市生态环境质量各要素监测结果，分析了“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况、变化趋势以及存在的主要问题。结果表明，“十三五”期间，宁波市生态环境质量总体向好。2020年中心城区环境空气质量优良天数比例比2016年提升了4.6个百分点；除臭氧外，各项污染物浓度均呈下降趋势；酸雨污染程度持续减轻。地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好，其中：2020年Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例为86.3%,比2016年提升了37.5个百分点；劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降了3.8个百分点。集中式饮用水水源地、声环境、辐射环境等环境要素质量总体保持稳定。但环境空气质量、地表水环境质量后续改善难度较大，饮用水水源地存在较高的水华风险，生态安全屏障需要进一步巩固。     

广东省“十三五”期间生态环境质量状况及变化特征

分析了"十三五"期间广东省生态环境质量状况及变化特征,结果表明:"十三五"期间,广东省生态环境质量明显改善,2020年全省城市环境空气优良天数比例为95.5%,PM_2.5年均质量浓度为22 μg/m³,重度酸雨污染城市清零,地表水水质优良比例为86.3%,近岸海域海水水质优良面积比例为89.5%,自然生态质量总体为优。与2015年相比,2020年全省城市环境空气优良天数比例上升1.0百分点,PM_2.5年均质量浓度下降29.0%,降水pH均值上升0.36个pH单位,酸雨频率下降12.9百分点。与2016年相比,地表水水质优良比例上升6.9百分点,重度污染比例下降8.5百分点,近岸海域海水水质优良面积比例上升9.1百分点,城市声环境总体稳定,自然生态质量稳中向好。但大气O₃尚未进入下降通道,个别河段仍存在重度污染,海洋生态环境管理基础较薄弱。在协同减污降碳新形势下,推动生态环境质量持续改善仍面临较大挑战。     

河南省“十三五”期间生态环境质量变化趋势

以2016-2020年河南省主要生态环境要素监测结果为研究对象,分析评价了河南省"十三五"期间生态环境质量状况、变化趋势和存在的主要问题等。结果表明:"十三五"期间,全省主要污染物排放总量大幅下降,生态环境质量稳中向好。与2016年相比,2020年全省环境空气优良天数比例上升6.2百分点;地表水环境质量逐渐由轻度污染变为良好状态,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例持续上升,比2016年上升22.7百分点,劣V类水质断面比例进一步下降,比2016年下降18.4百分点;降水、辐射环境质量等基本保持稳定;城市集中式饮用水源地、声环境、生态、农村环境等其他环境要素质量均有不同程度好转。但与此同时,河南省仍为全国大气污染较重的省份之一,空气质量改善幅度明显收窄;仍有部分河流污染较重或不能稳定达标,从全国范围看,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类断面比例属中下水平,水环境保护形势依然严峻。总体来看,河南省工业结构偏重、能源结构偏煤、运输结构不优等问题还未从根本上改变,区域性污染问题依然突出,生态环境质量改善还远未达到质变的效果,深入打好污染防治攻坚战仍需持续努力。     

“十三五”期间成都市生态环境质量变化趋势

基于“十三五”期间成都市生态环境监测数据，分析了成都市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势，以及存在的主要问题，以期为“十四五”成都市生态环境保护与治理提供参考。结果表明：“十三五”期间，成都市生态环境质量持续改善，空气质量优良天数比例整体呈上升趋势，部分污染物年平均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势；酸雨pH变化幅度较小，但酸雨量减少，酸雨污染减轻；地表水水质明显好转，Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质比例呈现波动上升趋势，劣Ⅴ类水质比例呈下降趋势，成都市级、县级饮用水水源地水质保持稳定；昼间区域声环境质量、昼间交通道路声环境质量均比较稳定；生态质量为良，农村环境质量、辐射环境质量状况总体良好。但也存在空气中细颗粒物和臭氧污染仍较重，部分地表水断面水质不能稳定达标，乡镇饮用水水源地水质未全部达标，交通噪声与生活噪声影响城市声环境质量等问题，给“十四五”期间成都市生态环境质量改善带来挑战。     

安徽省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化特征

在全面分析安徽省生态环境监测数据的基础上,总结了"十三五"时期安徽省生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题,提出相应的对策建议。结果表明:"十三五"期间,安徽省生态环境质量全面好转,2020年全省优良天数比例为82.9%,比"十二五"末上升2.0百分点。PM_2.5平均质量浓度为39 μg/m³,比"十二五"末下降25.0%。地表水水质由轻度污染转为良好,全面消除劣Ⅴ类断面。酸雨污染持续减轻。但全省生态环境形势依旧严峻,PM_2.5和O₃复合型污染特征越发明显,部分河流、湖库污染依然存在,巢湖富营养化问题未得到根本解决,农村地下饮用水水源地及县域地表水水质达标率较低,局部区域存在土壤污染问题,地下水以Ⅳ类水质为主。生态环境质量现状与人民对美好生态环境的需求,社会经济发展与环境承载能力之间的矛盾仍然存在。生态环境污染治理已进入攻坚期,环境质量持续改善的难度加大。     

内蒙古自治区“十三五”期间生态环境质量

为了解内蒙古自治区"十三五"期间的生态环境质量状况,以自治区生态环境监测网数据为依据,较全面地研究了"十三五"期间内蒙古生态环境质量变化特征及社会经济与环境质量的关联性,总结归纳了尚存的环境问题。结果表明:"十三五"期间,内蒙古生态环境质量全面好转,环境空气质量明显改善,地表水水质由中度污染转为轻度污染,沙尘天气减少,声环境质量总体改善,主要污染物排放量下降,未出现酸雨现象。但与此同时,仍存在不少环境问题,后续改善难度加大,区域大气污染治理成效还需进一步稳固,部分地表水存在污染较重的状况,生态环境仍较敏感。经济发展与环境质量相关指标基本呈负相关关系。总体来看,内蒙古自治区"十三五"期间生态环境质量全面改善,但当前生态环境质量与2035年远景目标还有较大差距。     

2011—2021年全国地表水环境质量评价与变化分析

根据国家地表水监测网2011—2021年水环境监测数据,从全国、十大流域主要江河、重要湖库3个层面分析了我国地表水环境质量变化趋势及当前存在问题,并提出相关建议。分析结果显示,2011—2021年,我国地表水环境质量逐步改善。其中,2021年Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例较2011年提高了35.2个百分点,劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例较2011年降低了11.4个百分点。高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷指标浓度呈现明显的下降趋势;总氮呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,且目前仍处于较高水平。长江、珠江、浙闽片河流、西北诸河及西南诸河流域水质优于淮河、黄河、海河、辽河及松花江流域。十大流域主要江河水环境质量均有所改善,改善幅度最大的是海河流域。重要湖库水质状况有所好转,但富营养化情况未有明显改善。年内水环境质量方面,夏季水质明显劣于其他季节,表明当前我国面源污染防治存在明显短板。建议在明确当前水环境质量改善取得积极成效的同时,也应当意识到我国水生态环境保护面临的结构性、根源性压力尚未得到根本缓解,不能停留在过去的以水环境质量改善为核心的污染治理思路上,应从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发,坚持山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念,从"三水统筹"的角度加强对水域生态系统的整体保护。     

2008—2013年全国地表水高锰酸盐指数污染特征分析

为分析近年来中国地表水高锰酸盐指数污染的时空变化规律,利用2008—2013年全国地表水338个可比国控断面监测数据,从时间变化特征、空间分布特征、污染较轻和较重断面变化情况及污染变化原因等方面进行了研究。结果表明:1从年际变化看,全国地表水高锰酸盐指数污染总体呈减轻趋势,平均浓度下降32.2%,劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降5.0个百分点;2从流域分布看,辽河、黄河和海河流域高锰酸盐指数污染程度明显减轻,其他流域较为稳定,海河流域高锰酸盐指数污染一直较重,黄河、松花江、淮河和辽河流域次之,其他流域污染较轻;3污染严重断面由22个降至5个,污染较轻断面稳定在242~248个;4COD排放量的减少在一定程度上促进了地表水高锰酸盐指数污染的减轻,但个别流域水资源严重短缺、纳污量仍较高是流域污染较重的重要原因,污染严重断面主要分布在海河流域,这与其COD接纳量较高、水资源总量较少有直接关系。     

新疆地表水水质现状分析

以2008年新疆环保系统的水质例行监测结果为基础，分析了新疆地表水水质现状。结果显示，全疆57条监测河流Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质断面比例为81．9％，29座监测湖库Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质比例为55．2％，总体上全疆地表水污染尚不严重，水质污染主要集中在少数流经城市河流的下游河段以及尾间湖和纳污水库，且不同区域间的水体污染程度和比例存在一定差别。     

我国典型村庄农村环境质量监测与评价

选取典型村庄,基于农村环境质量监测和评价方法,对典型村庄2014年农村环境质量进行监测和评价,结果表明:典型村庄环境空气质量状况总体良好,达标比例为82.0%,超标村庄多分布在中国西北地区;农村饮用水源地水质较差,总体水质达标比例为67.1%,地表水和地下水饮用水源地水质达标比例分别为89.8%和52.6%;农村地表水环境质量欠佳,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面占72.7%,饮用水水源地和地表水水质各地区均存在超标村庄;部分地区土壤重金属超标问题较为突出,出现监测项目超标情况村庄占20.6%,土壤超标村庄主要集中在中国东北、华中和华南等地区;农村生态质量状况相对较好,"较差"和"差"的县域主要分布在中国西北和华中北部地区。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...