湖南省大气湿沉降化学研究

以湖南省1999～2001年的酸雨监测数据为基础,运用统计学和线性回归分析方法研究了位于中国中南部的重酸雨区湖南省的大气降水的酸度和化学组成的分布特征以及季节变化规律。结果表明,大气降水以SO_4~(2-)为主,占总离子量的31％,大气降水阴阳离子基本平衡。降水年平均pH值为4.86,以春季酸度最大,降水离子总量以冬季最大。研究结果同时表明,降水酸度是主要酸性离子和主要碱性离子共同作用的结果,而且([H~+]+[NH_4~+])/([SO_4~(2-)]+[NO_3~-])比值的变化能较好的反映降水过程中强酸离子的中和现象。     

太湖大气氮、磷干湿沉降特征

于2018年1—12月,采集太湖湖滨及湖面共计9个点位600多个干湿沉降样品,估算了N、P干、湿沉降率以及全太湖2018年N、P干、湿沉降通量。结果表明,2018年太湖TN和TP月湿沉降率均值分别为161. 2和7. 1 kg/(km~2·月),TN和TP月干沉降率均值分别为103. 6和4. 5 kg/(km~2·月)。TN和TP年干沉降率空间分布规律为:湖面之上开阔水域处的TN和TP年干沉降率大于其他湖滨点位,TN和TP总沉降通量为7 702和333 t/a。2018年相比于2002—2003年,TN和TP总沉降通量分别降低了22. 6%和53. 8%。     

伊犁河谷大气酸沉降变化趋势

对2007—2014年伊犁河谷大气降水监测结果进行分析,结合伊犁河谷流域相对湿润、封闭的地形地貌和逆温气候资源特征与煤化工、煤电发展态势,类比预测了酸雨前体物的增加对伊犁河谷大气降水p H值变化趋势的影响。研究结果表明:目前伊犁河谷大气降水尚处于本底水平,城市人类活动对伊犁河谷大气降水酸雨前体物SO2、NOx的贡献高于郊区。伊犁河谷酸雨前体物SO2、NOx排放强度与大气降水硫酸盐和硝酸盐实际监测浓度相存在正相关性。类比同处于新疆干旱区乌鲁木齐市出现酸雨年度的情况,"十三五"期间,伊犁河谷大规模煤电、煤化工基地的建设,酸雨前体物排放量大幅增加,将会造成酸雨发生的风险。     

大气磷干沉降采样方法对比分析

以四川农业大学成都校区为监测点,采用大气主动采样法(AA)、大气干表面法(ADS)及大气湿表面法(AWS)3种常用干沉降采集方法做大气磷干沉降通量对比试验。结果表明,3种采样方法获得的大气磷干沉降通量间具有显著的差异性及相关性(P0.05),三者间可以进行换算统一;AA法适用于较短采样周期的连续性监测研究,ADS法适用于较长采样周期(5 d)的监测研究,而AWS法更适用于在长采样周期(月)内选取一段时间作为干沉降监测的研究。     

酸沉降影响稻米品质的新发现

酸沉降影响了稻米质量和口感.酸雨时空分布从宏观上概括了稻米品质的地理分布.酸雨决定了酶活性相关金属离子的丰缺,继而影响淀粉合成关键酶的活性,最终影响淀粉合成质量.温度变化是表象,降雨pH值变化是条件,酶活性相关金属离子丰缺是根本,实质是酶活性相关金属离子或激活或抑制了支链淀粉合成关键酶的活性.提出了改善粮食作物质量的化控创新技术路线.     

新疆大气氮沉降监测研究进展浅析

通过对新疆12个监测点氮沉降研究结果发现,无机活性氮浓度(pNH4+、pNO3-、NH3、NO2)在不同生态系统存在较大的时空差异,氮沉降通量变化随人为干扰程度呈递增趋势.总结了当前新疆大气氮沉降监测研究进展,包括主要监测方法、不同生态系统大气氮素干沉降的时空差异性分析、大气氮素干湿沉降通量估算.对大气氮素干湿沉降通量...     

甘肃河西走廊2001年沙尘暴及其沉降物质观测研究

2001年甘肃河西走廊共发生沙尘暴15次，其特点是时间早、频率快、间隔短，强度大。收集分析其沉降物质，沉降量较高、养分含量较高。     

干旱区中小城市降雪中金属元素沉降通量研究

文章以干旱区中小城市昌吉市为研究区,选择2011年12月至2012年2月期间较为典型的6场次降雪进行采样,利用ICP-MS测定降雪中20种金属元素,并探讨金属元素的沉降通量、富集特征及其来源。研究表明,降雪中Al的年沉降通量最大,为10.32 mg/m²;Fe、Ba、Zn、V、Cu的年沉降通量次之,集中在1.40~6.11 mg/m²;As、Ni、Mn、Cr、Mo、Sb年沉降通量较小,集中在0.08~0.39 mg/m²;Be、Co、Cd、Pb、Hg、Tl、Th、U的年沉降通量最小,集中在0.001~0.053 mg/m²。Al、Fe、Mn、Be、Th富集系数在0.32~3.05之间,这些金属元素主要来自自然来源;Cd与Hg富集系数分别为923.23、2511.47,达到严重富集的程度;其余金属元素富集系数在10~500之间,属中度富集。昌吉州境内煤炭资源丰富,近年煤炭开采量较大,城区供暖面积不断加大,供暖不断加强;市区车流量急剧增加,运输排放加剧;近郊及周边地区各类工业的分布等是各类金属元素在雪中富集的主要原因。冰雪节后冰灯拆除,降雪可有效捕集大气中的汞,冬季气温不利于Hg挥发等对Hg的严重富集也有重要影响。     

鞍山市大气尘和金属元素沉降通量及污染特征

通过采集鞍山市11个点位的降尘样品以及土壤样品,用ICP-MS分析了Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb等元素含量,并计算其沉降通量。结果表明,鞍山地区大气降尘的沉降通量为2.92～59.8g/(m2.month),其中鞍钢厂区沉降通量均值为31.6g/(m2.month),分别是周边地区和对照地区的4.72倍和10.5倍。重金属As、Cr、Pb和Cd的沉降通量分别为3.78、45.5、42.8、0.457g/(hm2.month)。降尘中各元素的富集系数为0.29～190,其中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mo、Cd、Pb和Se的富集系数大于10,说明这些元素主要来自于人为源。鞍钢厂区土壤中Cu、Pb、Mn、Zn、Mo、Cd、Ca、Fe和Se的含量较辽宁省土壤背景值高,说明其土壤环境已经受到了人类活动的影响。     

微风下异龙湖悬浮物沉降与再悬浮研究

在微风或无风条件下,采用沉积物捕获器和Gansith公式对异龙湖水体中颗粒物沉降和再悬浮进行了研究。结果表明:在微风或无风状态下,底泥再悬浮对水体悬浮物含量贡献较大;描述底泥再悬浮的动态过程需要的合适监测时间为48 h。     

Three-year monitoring results of nitrate and ammonium wet deposition in Thailand

Wet deposition is one of the important sources of nitrogen input into the ecosystem. It also contributes to rain acidity in some environments. In this study we reported the annual as well as seasonal trends of nitrogen wet deposition at three locations in Thailand: Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Nan. Comparison of nitrogen wet deposition between in rural and in the urban areas was also made. Daily rainfall was measured and monthly rainwater was collected for nitrogen analysis during 1999–2002. The average NO₃ ^– concentration in rainwater collected from the rural sites (60 km from urban area) was around 0.2–0.3 mg L^–1, while that from the urban areas of Chiang Mai and Nan cities it was 0.4–0.5 mg L^–1. NH₄ ⁺ concentration in rainwater showed the similar ranges to that of NO₃ ^– , except at Nan where concentration was not significantly different between the urban and rural sites. On the other hand, the average concentrations of NO₃ ^– were higher at Bangkok site than other sites, while concentration of NH₄ ⁺ was almost the same between Chiang Mai and Bangkok. Wet deposition of NO₃ ^– at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, while at the urban sites this ranged from about 6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Chiang Mai and Nan Cities to 8.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Bangkok. Wet deposition of NH₄ ⁺ at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan was about 2.4 to 3.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 and at the urban sites of Chiang Mai, Nan and Bangkok this was 7.7, 4.9 and 8.1 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that wet deposition of both nitrogen species was significantly higher at the urban sites than at the rural sites.     

Analysis of Wet Precipitation of Air Pollutants in Mumbai (India)

Bulk precipitation samples at Mumbai (India) were collectedduring the monsoon seasons of 1991 to 1996 and analysed forionic concentrations using an Ion Chromatograph DIONEX model100. The variability of sulphate to nitrate ratio in rainwaterfluctuates in a wide range from 1.5 to 20 and governed by thesulphate concentrations in the sample. The regression analysisof the data reveals that in the bulk precipitation at Mumbai, SO₄^2- is becoming increasingly important relative toNO₃^-. The role of meteorological influences onscavenging of air pollutants by rain water has been tried toexplain the phenomena. The computed wet deposition rates for Sand N during 1991–1996 show that the S deposition is higherthan N in all the years. There is a wide fluctuation indeposition rates of S ranging from 2 to 55 kg km² per annum.     

青岛市降水中的铅及其变化规律

对青岛市四个站位 1 997年 1 1月～ 1 998年 1 0月 33次降水中铅浓度进行了监测 ,降水中铅浓度在 <0 .5～2 7.7μg/ L之间 ,均值为 4 .2μg/ L,降雪高于降雨。讨论了 p H、交通和季节对铅浓度变化的影响 ,并与其它城市地区降水中铅进行了比较     

Deposition Monitoring in Europe

A monitoring station for atmospheric deposition was designed and constructed. Three such stations were applied in a pilot project for a year on three sites (Speulder forest in The Netherlands, Auchencorth in Scotland and Melpitz in Germany) in different regions in Europe to estimate local inputs and to validate deposition models which are currently used or developed to estimate ecosystem specific deposition in Europe. Fluxes at Auchencorth Moss are lowest for all components, except for those much influenced by the sea as a source. As Melpitz is located far away from seas, these components are lowest at this site. Wet deposition is the dominant source of input at Auchencorth, whereas at Speulder forest, through its roughness and pollution climate, dry deposition is dominant. At this site dry deposition velocities are highest. Melpitz is a polluted site. Particularly sulphur deposition is high. It is recommended to equip several locations in Europe with intensive deposition monitoring methods. Such a network will be an extension of existing monitoring programmes on air pollution, such as that run by Eurepean Monitoring and Evaluation Programme for the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP). The intensive monitoring locations should be selected based on pollution climates and type of vegetation, common in Europe.     

A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.     

太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征

为了探索太湖氮磷营养盐干湿沉降特征及对太湖营养盐输入的贡献,于2011年不同季节采集太湖不同位点的大气干湿沉降样品,分析干湿沉降中氮（N）和磷（P）的形态和沉降量。研究结果表明,输入太湖的磷以干沉降为主,而氮以湿沉降为主。在太湖干沉降中总无机氮（TIN）占总氮（TN）的77.1%,溶解性磷（DIP）占总磷（TP）的77.9%。干沉降中TIN主要以NH+4-N为主。西太湖是TN与TP通过大气干湿沉降输入太湖的最高湖区。太湖全年大气TN沉降总量为20 978 t,TP沉降总量为1 268 t,因此,氮磷大气干湿沉降是太湖营养盐输入的重要来源之一。     

降雨对长三角区域PM2.5浓度的影响

利用WRF-CAMx模式分析首届中国国际进口博览会(简称进博会)期间一次降雨过程对长三角地区PM2.5浓度影响,结果表明,降雨量分布区域与因降雨造成的PM2.5浓度减少量分布区域并不完全一致,湿沉降量受降雨量、PM2.5浓度和风速等多个因素共同影响。数值模拟结果表明,降雨导致浓度下降幅度排前5位的组分分别是有机气溶胶、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和细颗粒原生气溶胶,下降幅度分别为44. 28%、16. 55%、11. 55%、9. 53%和5. 23%。结合观测资料和数值模式模拟结果可知,首届进博会期间上海本地减排和周边区域协同控制作用使PM2.5日均质量浓度降低33. 23μg/m3,因降雨引起的湿沉降作用使上海市PM2.5质量浓度降低15. 88μg/m^3。