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1.
硫化钠溶液极不稳定,每次使用前必须标定,操作繁琐、费时。用乙酸钠做酸化吹气吸收液,回收率低,有时空白值高,这些都是影响测定硫化物准确的问题,用锌铵溶液做稀释剂和吸收液。可以取得满意的效果。  相似文献   

2.
在亚硝酸盐氮的测定中,文献[1]要求,配制亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液,需经标定后才能使用。此标定过程既繁琐、费时费力,又浪费药品试剂,不利于样品的及时分析。针对这种情况,我们经过长期的实验,采用精确称量亚硝酸钠配制高浓度贮备液,省略标定过程的方法(以下简称“本法”)进行探讨,并用于绘制校准曲线和样品的测定,实践证明方法是可行的,完全能满足环境监测分析要求。1 实验方法1.1 试剂及仪器0.5g/L高浓度亚硝酸钠标准贮备液:精确称量1.232g亚硝酸钠(NaNO2),溶于水,移入500ml容量瓶中,用水…  相似文献   

3.
针对低浓度的硫代硫酸钠标准溶液不稳定,使用时需进行标定情况.经过长期实验,发现在一定条件下配制的较高浓度的硫代硫酸钠标准贮存液,如果保存妥当可解决其存放期问题。  相似文献   

4.
用高浓度亚硝酸盐氮贮备液省略标定过程的探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在对亚硝酸盐氮测定中,《水和废水监测分析方法》[1]要求配制亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液,并经标定后才能使用,此标定过程,较为繁琐。为此经过长期的实践,改用精确称量亚硝酸钠,配制高浓度贮备液,省略标定过程的方法(简称省略法),用于测定亚硝酸盐氮。1 试验11 试剂及仪器亚硝酸盐氮标准溶液的配制:称取1232g亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)溶于水,移入500mL容量瓶中,用水稀释至标线,摇匀,配成每毫升含050mg的高浓度亚硝酸钠标准贮备液,贮于棕色瓶中,冰箱内保存,可稳定两个月(省略法)。另按文献[1]配制每毫升含025mg亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液,并进行标定…  相似文献   

5.
1 问题的提出固体硫代硫酸钠容易风化,并含有少量杂质.如S~2、SO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、S等,因此,Na_2S_2O_3不能直接称量配制标准溶液;在使用时要进行标定.Na_2S_2O_3标液不稳定.每次使用时或每隔一段时间均需重新标定.目前国内外对使用Na_2S_2O_3溶液的分析方法有着不同要求的规定.美国的“水和废水标准检验法”冲规定:配制好的Na_2S_2O_3标准液“至少存放半个月后进行标定.”国际标准化组织(ISO)规定每周标定一次.我国1987—03—14发布的“中华人民共和国国家标准”中规  相似文献   

6.
采用精确称量苯酚制高浓度贮备液,可省略标定过程,并能获得准确的分析结果。  相似文献   

7.
S~(2-)标准溶液保存方法的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文用碱性锌氨络盐溶液作S~(2-)的保护剂,配制1mgS~(2-)/ml标准溶液,其中的ZnS沉淀细微、均匀。标液在冰箱中贮存半年内,浓度下降小于3%,稳定时间长,可减少每次使用前的标定次数,节省分析时间。  相似文献   

8.
杨笑棣  魏薇 《干旱环境监测》1999,13(1):55-56,60
由于实验室用于配制标准溶液的试剂氰化钾纯度不高,在使用时需进行标定。目前大多采用以试银灵为指示剂,用硝酸银溶液标定,使用比较简单,但滴定终点的颜色肉眼不易辨别(由黄刚变橙色)。为了克服这一不足,本文提出了百里酚酞+试银灵为替代指示剂(简称双指示剂)。...  相似文献   

9.
中性高锰酸钾溶液稳定性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
不同温度条件下,多次将高锰酸钾贮备液进行定量稀释并标定,发现其浓度基本不变,稳定性较好。  相似文献   

10.
陈静 《干旱环境监测》1991,5(2):133-134
《水和废水监测分析方法》规定,因亚硝酸钠不稳定,配制标准贮备液后,必须进行标定。标定过程操作繁琐、工作量大,要求严格,稍有疏忽,必然产生误差。 我们在实际工作中发现,一般情况下,我们干旱地区亚硝酸钠是比较稳定的,经对各种文献研究并试验,结果表明,通过准确称量,严格配制,对保证试剂可以直接通过理论计算配备出合格的贮备液,用于实验操作。  相似文献   

11.
Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.  相似文献   

12.
Transplants of the mosses Hypnum cupressiforme and Pseudoscleropodium purum used as active biomonitors of airborne trace elements were compared in a survey carried out at Trieste (NE Italy). Twelve elements were considered: Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ti, V, Zn. Water-washed materials of H. cupressiforme and P. purum, collected in a remote area to prepare transplants, showed comparable content of all elements, excluding Pb. Transplants of P. purum showed a significantly higher accumulation of Al, Fe, Pb and Ti; higher levels of Cu and V were accumulated in H. cupressiforme. Losses of some elements occurred in some samples of both species; the most consistent losses regarded Cr and Mn. Accumulation data of Al, As, Cd, Hg, Zn found in the two transplanted sets were not correlated. Differences in element uptake in the two mosses are likely to depend mainly on morphology, and probably on the different forms of emission and deposition types of the elements. The two mosses showed an overall accordance in discriminating sites highly and scarcely affected by trace element depositions, although they accumulated some elements, in particular Hg and Zn, in different ways. P. purum proved to be a better accumulator than H. cupressiforme, showing similar or higher accumulation and lower loss of almost all elements, especially those related to particulate, dry depositions; H. cupressiforme could be effective in detecting large-scale patterns, related to wet depositions. These results indicate that these mosses cannot be used interchangeably for monitoring particular elements, and are able to provide complementary information on different, local and long-range deposition patterns.  相似文献   

13.
This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean 'materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of 'natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds.These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily 'feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values.  相似文献   

14.
The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.  相似文献   

15.
Seaports are major hubs of economic activity and of environmental pollution in coastal urban areas. Due to increasing global trade, transport of goods through ports has been steadily increasing and will likely continue to increase in the future. Evaluating air pollution impacts of ports requires consideration of numerous sources, including marine vessels, trucks, locomotives, and off-road equipment used for moving cargo. The air quality impacts of ports are significant, with particularly large emissions of diesel exhaust, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides. The health effects of these air pollutants to residents of local communities include asthma, other respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and premature mortality. In children, there are links with asthma, bronchitis, missed school days, and emergency room visits. The significance of these environmental health impacts requires aggressive efforts to mitigate the problem. Approaches to mitigation encompass a range of possibilities from currently available, low-cost approaches, to more significant investments for cleaner air. Examples of the former include restrictions on truck idling and the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel; the latter includes shore-side power for docked ships, and alternative fuels. A precautionary approach to port-related air pollution would encourage local production of goods in order to reduce marine traffic, greener design for new terminals, and state-of-the art approaches to emissions-control that have been successfully demonstrated at ports throughout the world.  相似文献   

16.
This study aims to evaluate the potential of greywater availability in Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, to establish a methodology for greywater quantity estimation, to test greywater quality in order to assess reuse potential, and to examine public acceptance for reuse.Total fresh water consumption and greywater generation from different household sources were measured by water meters in five selected households during summer and winter. Additionally, a survey was designed and conducted in five administrative areas of Muscat Governorate, with the objective of testing a methodology for estimating greywater generation potential in these areas. Collected data were compared with that used by the Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Sultanate of Oman. The survey covered a total of 169 houses and 1,365 people. Greywater samples were collected and analyzed from showers, laundries, kitchens and sinks in some of these households to determine their water quality parameters. Statistical analysis results indicated that there is no significant variance in the total fresh water consumption between data used by the ministry and those measured and estimated during this study, highlighting the applicability of the tested method. The study concluded that the average per capita greywater generation rate is 151 Lpcd. Greywater production ranged from 80 to 83% of the total fresh water consumption and most of the greywater is generated from showers. Further, 55 to 57% of the greywater generated in a typical Omani household originated from the shower, 28 to 33% originated from the kitchen, 6 to 9% originated from laundry, and 5 to 7% originated from sink, which constitutes approximately 81% of the total fresh water consumption. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses of the grab samples revealed that greywater contains significant levels of suspended solids, inorganic constituents, total organic carbon, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands, total Coliforms and Escherichia Coliform bacteria. The public acceptance survey illustrated that approximately 76% of the respondents accepted the reuse of greywater for gardening, 53% for car washing and 66% for toilet flushing.  相似文献   

17.
Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.  相似文献   

18.
Desertification has recognized as an environmental problem by many international organizations such as UN, NATO and FAO. Desertification in Turkey is generally caused by incorrect land use, excessive grazing, forest fires, urbanization, industry, genetic erosion, soil erosion, salinization, and uncontrolled wild type plants picking. Due to anthropogenic destruction of forest, steppe flora gradually became dominant in Anatolia. In terms of biodiversity, Turkey has a significant importance in Europe and Middle East. Nine thousands plant species naturally grown in Turkey, one third of them are endemic. Also, endemic species of vertebrates, thrive in the lakes and marshy areas. The studies of modelling simulation of vegetation on the effects of Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical period by using vegetation history showed that, in 2000 years BP, Mediterranean countries were more humid than today. Turkey is a special place on the global concern in terms of desertification because of biodiversity, agricultural potential, high population, social and economical structure, topographical factors and strategic regional location. Communication among scientists, decision makers and international non-profit organizations must be improved.  相似文献   

19.
Ethephon, which releases ethylene within plant tissues after application, was chosen to perform assessments of the relative sensitivity of crops to ethylene and to determine which stages of plant development were most sensitive. The species chosen were: barley, wheat, oats, canola and field pea, all of which are important crops in the province of Alberta, Canada. Plants were treated with ethephon at one of 7 different stages. Plants were assessed for their vegetative and reproductive growth, including height, biomass, yield and seed quality. Visual symptoms were photographed and documented to compare them with symptoms caused by ethylene applied as a gas. It was concluded that in barley, wheat and canola the late vegetative and early reproductive stages were most sensitive, at least when sensitivity was defined as reductions in yield and quality. As for field pea, ethephon had no effect on yield but did cause increased numbers of pods, which in certain conditions could lead to increased yields. Significant effects on vegetative growth were only observed in the early vegetative stages of development but with no effects on yield. The screening protocol successfully identified sensitive cultivars and growth stages for further investigation of the effects of ethylene exposure.  相似文献   

20.
秸秆生产燃料乙醇的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
秸秆的化学成分复杂,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大部分组成。经过预处理、发酵和脱水可生成燃料乙醇,秸秆乙醇化技术已经备受关注。针对预处理、发酵和脱水3个过程的多种化学或生物技术的研究进展进行了分析,同时也指出其不足。秸秆预处理中的超临界技术虽然设备制造成本高,但在秸秆资源化中与传统技术相比显示了独特的优势,具有反应迅速、无需催化剂、无产物抑制等优点。  相似文献   

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