上海工业区环境空气VOCs预警值及特征物种筛选方法研究

在上海市大气污染物排放标准的基础上,结合国家相关标准提出了工业区环境空气中47项VOCs指标的预警值。根据VOCs污染物的有毒有害性和异味特征、浓度特征和光化学活性特征,分别定义了T-特征污染物、C-特征污染物和O-特征污染物,并提出了各类特征污染物的筛选方法。将VOCs预警值和特征污染物筛选方法应用于上海市工业园区在线监测点,结果显示预警值较为适用,可以达到较好的预警目标;特征污染物筛选结果合理,且能从不同角度反映各站点周边污染源特征。     

本地源尘污染成因的模式分析

对河门口片区污染源进行调查,采用经验证后表明适合攀枝花地区的山谷模式,对河门口片区的尘污染现状成因进行分析,研究了污染物种类、重点污染源类别、主要污染行业对片区内各控制点的影响,发现由于受山区地形影响,片区内各控制点污染状况受相邻污染源影响较大.     

基于模型测算约束污染物排放前提下的地表水断面达标控制

本文探讨了通过污染源调查,建立污染源-地表水体的输入响应关系;以河流断面允许污染物通量为基础,借助数学模型反向模拟,核算上游污染源的污染物允许排放量及排放浓度,并进行污染减排校核,以有针对性地提出减排建议,以控制点源污染物排放实现断面水质达标。     

ATCM模式在总量控制研究中的应用

环境污染总量控制研究中,除需要确定环境目标值和控制点,搞清环境自净能力外,大量的工作在于计算不同排放方案(生产工况)下各污染源对环境的贡献分担率和允许排放量,预测实行总量控制后的环境质量。 在包头地区大气氟化物总量控制研究中,运用大气输送气候学模式(ATCM),对上述各量进行了计算,取得了满意的结果,计算值与实测值的相关系数为0.79。     

淮阴市大气污染物垂直分布规律探讨

通过对淮阴市城区内大气污染源调查及不同高度主要大气污染指标的监测研究,分析了淮阴市城区大气污染物时空分布的基本趋势。结果表明,市区大气污染与污染源分布及源强呈一定相关性,近地面的大气环境质量劣于高空的大气环境质量,污染物的垂直分布受大气稳定度影响。     

淮阴市大气污染垂直分布规律探讨

通过对淮阴市城区内大气污染源调查及不同高度主要大气污染指标的监测研究，分析了淮阴市城区大气污染物时空分布的基本趋势。结果表明，市区大气污染与污染源分布及源强呈一定相关性，近地面的大气环境质量劣于高空的大气环境质量，污染物的垂直分布受大气稳定度影响。     

对比分析法在环境空气质量预报业务中的应用

通过分析京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量预报的实际案例,从实时监测、污染源、大气条件以及数值预报模拟4个方面阐述了对比分析法在空气质量预报业务中的应用,帮助预报员比较类似污染源排放条件下的大气条件变化或者类似大气条件下的污染源变化,以便进一步开展量化分析。研究结果显示:利用时间同比、空间比较和大气条件对比的分析方法,能够判断在类似污染源排放和相似大气条件下,主要污染物的浓度水平、重污染发生、影响范围、持续时间、严重程度等污染特征以及污染物的水平传输影响等;采用污染源变化对比分析法,能够获得在类似大气条件下,污染源排放的减少或剧增对主要污染物浓度水平的影响程度;通过数值预报模式结果对比分析,能够获得在类似的污染源排放条件下,大气环流形势的稳定程度和变化情况,从而判断其对污染物浓度水平的影响。对比分析法是开展京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量预报业务中的重要环节,有利于持续提高空气质量预报的准确率,供全国空气质量预报员开展辖区空气质量预报时参考。     

大气污染物指纹系统构建及在污染溯源中的应用

基于污染物检测特征信息结合区域产业结构、企业布局等信息构建了大气污染物指纹系统,通过污染物检测特征信息构建的第一级指纹数据库实现了对大气特征污染物的识别和污染物应急处置措施的推送;通过污染源行业及其排放的特征污染物信息构建的第二级指纹数据库实现了产排污行业的溯源;通过企业及其产排污信息,结合气象条件构建的第三级指纹数据库实现了对产排污企业的溯源。基于大气污染物指纹数据库的污染溯源技术为突发环境污染事故中污染物质的识别和污染源的追踪提供了新途径。实际应用验证表明,大气污染物指纹系统污染溯源响应快速、识别精准,实现了大气污染物从监测、溯源到应急处置的全过程无缝衔接。     

成都市空气质量状况与气象条件的关系分析

利用2010年成都市城区环境监测资料及同期气象资料,分析了成都市城区空气污染物的变化特征及各污染物浓度与气象条件的关系。结果表明:(1)成都市大气环境中PM10为首要污染物,城区空气质量具有明显的季节特征,最优在夏季,冬季最差;(2)成都市大气稳定度稳定类频率的变化幅度与污染物月均值变化幅度较为一致;(3)成都市城区污染物除本地污染源外,还受到外地源的影响。     

淄博化工园区大气有机污染应急监测与管理对策

针对工业聚集区内多种恶臭混杂的情况，以淄博化工园区为例，研究了大气有机污染突发事件中有机物的应急监测方法，并提出了治理对策。利用便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪，对重点企业事先监测，掌握各企业特征污染物，作为应急监测查找污染源头的依据；现场分析受污染空气中的化合物组成及浓度，通过查询、比对各企业特征污染物，确认责任排污企业。提出了末端监测处罚治理与对重点污染企业推行清洁生产相结合，应急监测与有机污染物在线监测相结合，建立企业污染源特征组分数据库，加强企业无组织排放监测与监管等治理大气有机污染的建议。     

区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

A necessary distinction between spatial representativeness of an air quality monitoring station and the delimitation of exceedance areas

The European legislation on ambient air quality introduces the concepts of spatial representativeness of a monitoring station and spatial extent of an exceedance zone. Spatial representativeness is an essential macro-scale siting criterion which should be evaluated before the setting-up and during the life of a monitoring point. As for the exceedance area, it has to be defined each time an environmental objective is exceeded in an assessment zone. No specific approach is prescribed to delimit such areas. A probabilistic methodology is presented, based on a preliminary kriging estimation of atmospheric concentrations at each point of the domain. It is applied to NO₂ pollution on the urban scale. In the proposed approach, a point belongs to the area of representativeness of a station if its concentration differs from the station measurement by less than a given threshold. To take the estimation uncertainty into account, the standard deviation of the kriging error is used in a probabilistic framework. The choice of the criteria used to deal with overlapping areas is first tested on NO₂ annual mean concentration maps of France, built by combining surface monitoring observations and outputs from the CHIMERE chemistry transport model. At the local scale, data from passive sampling surveys and high -resolution auxiliary variables are used to provide a more precise estimation of the background pollution in different French cities. The traffic-related pollution can also be accounted for in the map by additional predictors such as distance to the road, and traffic-related NO_x emissions. Similarly, the proposed approach is implemented to identify the points, at a given statistical risk, where the NO₂ concentration is above the annual limit value.     

武夷山大气环境背景值监测点位的选择

根据选择大气环境背景点的基本原则和武夷山的地理特点,通过详细分析考察处于武夷山的五个背景点的基础条件状况、大气环境因子的浓度等情况,经过反复认证、实地踏勘,最后将监测地面站的位置选择在武夷山自然保护区边界的笔架山摩天岭,并于2001年底基本建成投入试运行。     

核算间接冷却水污染当量数的研讨

针对间接冷却水的特点和核算其污染当量数过程中存在的问题，阐述了间接冷却水的界定，水源水的采样监测技术，本底值的扣除以及超标排放的判别等环节的技术要求和注意事项，并就与之密切相关的几个问题进行了讨论，为核算间接冷却水的污染当量提供了一定的参考依据，并建议增加水温排放指标，以切实控制间接冷却水造成的主要污染－热污染。     

黑龙江流域水环境背景值研究进展

黑龙江流域地处世界三大黑土区之一的中国东北平原，土壤腐殖质含量高，这些腐殖质随着地面径流进入水体，成为流域溶解性有机物（DOM）的自然本底（环境背景）。自然本底的存在导致流域水质有机污染综合指标不能真实反映流域的人为污染，流域背景区内高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量背景值范围分别为3.0~11.7、14.3~40.5 mg/L。流域部分水质考核断面水质受到有机质背景值的影响。由于叠加人为污染，定量分析高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量背景值范围存在很大难度。重金属元素相对稳定，相对于"六五"时期重金属背景值，目前水体中重金属含量普遍升高。结合水环境管理需求，背景值研究成果应用于水环境管理还需要进一步深入研究和实践。笔者在综述黑龙江流域水环境背景值研究基础上，总结目前存在的问题，提出水环境背景值研究建议，为科学客观评价流域水质提供参考。     

Paleolimnological assessment of Grove and Plow Shop Ponds, Ayer, Massachusetts, USA--a superfund site

Three sediment cores from each of severely polluted Grove and Plow Shop Ponds, Ayer, Massachusetts, USA, were dated using (210)Pb, characterized for plant macrofossil assemblages, and analyzed for H(2)O, loss-on-ignition, stable Pb isotopes, and concentrations of As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, methyl-Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A core from nearby kettle Spectacle Pond, Littleton, Massachusetts, was similarly characterized (except for plant macrofossil assemblages) to assess the regional air pollution signal in sediment for comparison with the six cores. Accumulation rates for metals (mass per area per year), the anthropogenic component (mass per area per year), and total accumulation of the anthropogenic component (mass per area) indicate that As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, methyl-Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have accumulated in sediment as a consequence of point source pollution from within the drainage basins of Grove and Plow Shop Ponds. Three distinct sources of pollution are inferred. As is entering Plow Shop Pond via groundwater in the southwest. Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn are entering the system predominantly at the eastern end of, or upstream from, Grove Pond. Pb also comes from the northwest corner of Grove Pond, the principal source of Cr, Cu, and Hg. These results are consistent with chemistry of modern surface sediments. The history of pollution extends back more than 100 years. Intra- and inter-core variability of concentrations and accumulation rates indicate that much of the pollution was likely in particulate form with little physical redistribution. Recently, concentrations and accumulation rates have generally decreased substantially for those elements present in excessive concentrations in the past. This is a consequence of accumulation of recent, less polluted sediment. In Spectacle Pond, the nearby reference lake, accumulation rates for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, adjusted for background values and changes in sedimentation rate, increased above background starting in the late 19th century, peaked about 1980, and declined substantially to 2000. These decreases suggest that the anthropogenic (pollution) component of atmospheric deposition of these elements declined after 1980 by at least 50%(As), 80%(Cd), 80%(Hg), and 80%(Pb).     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric urban area: monitoring on various types of sites

The air quality over the Toulouse urban area (France) is recorded daily by the regional "Midi-Pyrénées" atmospheric pollution measurements network (ORAMIP). Relevant data is collected from about 100 analysers spread over more than thirty stations. The regulations covering major indicators of atmospheric pollution (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide) have been updated in recent years to include additional compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ORAMIP, in partnership with the ENSIACET has undertaken background PAH average concentration measurements over the urban agglomeration of Toulouse during spring 2006 for various types of sites (traffic, urban, industrial). The sampling was performed using a low volume air sampler equipped with quartz fiber filters and polyurethane foams For the two urban sites, total atmospheric concentrations between 12 and 20 ng/m(3) have been obtained, whereas for the industrial site the values averaged 22 ng/m(3). In addition, and regardless of site, the average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, at present the only regulated PAH, were always less than the 1 ng/m(3) limit.     

浅谈我国土壤背景值制图

本文介绍了土壤背景值制图及其与其他地球化学图的异同;并在论述了国内外土壤背景值制图的方法及发展状况的基础上,指出制图的技术关键在于制图单元的选取和数值的分级.制图单元可根据资料的完整性及地质环境特征宜地选取,而数值的分级,尽管现有的方法各有所长,但要使所制的图在确实能够反映土壤地域差别的同时具有较强的可比性,就应力求建立统一的原则.     

Development of an Overall Index of Pollution for Surface Water Based on a General Classification Scheme in Indian Context

Various National and International Agencies involved in water quality assessment and pollution control have defined water quality criteria for different uses of water considering different indicator parameters. Classification schemes for water quality criteria/standards developed by these agencies differ inaddition to terminologies used such as Action level, Guide level etc. in defining the concentration values in these classes. In the present article a general classification scheme viz. Excellent,Acceptable, Slightly Polluted, Polluted and Heavily Polluted water is proposed for surface water quality assessment. The concentration ranges in these classes are defined in Indianscenario considering Indian Standards and CPCB criteria. Standardsby the European Community (EC), WHO etc. and the reported factsabout the pollution effects of important water quality indicatorparameters on the surrounding were also taken into account. Themathematical equations to transform the actual concentrationvalues into pollution indices are formulated and correspondingvalue function curves are plotted. Based on the individual indexvalues, an `Overall Index of Pollution' (OIP) is estimated. Theapplication of OIP is demonstrated at a few sampling stations onriver Yamuna based on observed water quality data. The general classification scheme along with concentrationranges defined in these classes will be of immense use fordetermining the surface water quality status with reference tospecific individual parameter, and the OIP for assessing theoverall water quality status in Indian context.