导热炉大气污染物排放适用标准的问题探讨

就现行大气污染物排放标准未包括导热炉的问题,分析了各种大气污染物排放标准的适用范围和控制的污染物种类;分析了导热炉的结构、燃料种类、燃烧方式、排放的污染物种类,提出了导热炉大气污染物排放标准适合于执行《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的建议。     

锅炉监测结果的折算问题

《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》( GB1 32 71 - 91 ) ,对小于标准过量空气系数的折算未作要求。某些锅炉在低过量空气系数的情况下其排放浓度超标 ,而校正到标准过量空气系数时就有可能不超标。由于炉内稀释和炉外稀释都没有改变其对大气污染的负荷 ,对这些锅炉的监测结果不作校正 ,显然是不公平的。 2 0 0 0年 1月 1日实施的《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》( GBPB 3- 1 999)则解决了这个问题。实测的锅炉烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放浓度均按该标准规定的过量空气系数进行折算。诸如“α<1 .7,故无需折算”等语句 ,显然不符合 GBPB 3- 1 999内…     

对导热炉大气污染物排放执行标准的探讨

目前，相关环境标准中均未明确制定关于导热炉大气污染物的排放内容。因此，对于导热炉的大气污染排放，各环境管理及监测部门均没有统一的执行标准。本文从导热炉工作原理、污染物排放特点等方面进行了分析，对其执行标准提出了个人的观点。     

《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB13271-2014)浅析

为贯彻相关法律、法规,保护环境,防治污染,促进锅炉生产、运行和污染治理技术的进步,对《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》进行了第三次修订。文章从实际出发解读了新标准对锅炉大气污染物浓度排放限值、监测和监控的要求,从而为更好地执行该标准起到了积极的作用。     

锅炉烟尘排放浓度与过量空气系数的关系

锅炉烟尘排放浓度与过量空气系数的关系靳书月（山西阳泉市环境保护监测站０４５０００）锅炉烟尘排放浓度与过量空气系数关系非常密切。国家在《ＧＢ１３２７１－９１锅炉大气污染物排放标准》和《ＧＢ５４６８－９１锅炉烟尘测试方法》修定中，再次肯定了过量空气系数的...     

应用大气污染物排放标准易混淆和忽视的问题

以《锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB13271＿2001)》、《火电厂大气污染物排放标准(GBl3223＿1996)》等几个相关标准为实例,对标准的适用范围、过量空气系数折算、烟囱设置规定和锅炉房容量等易混淆和忽视的问题进行比较分析,对正确执行标准有所帮助。     

火电厂执行大气污染物排放新标准的达标研究

新标准《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)中现役机组排放限值于2014年7月1日正式执行,与旧标准《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2003)相比排放限值大幅趋严,且增加了燃煤电厂汞排放限值。选取具有代表性的电厂锅炉进行手工和在线监测,结果表明,燃煤机组需有高效除尘器和脱硝设施才可稳定达标;燃油机组无法达到标准限值要求,未来应逐步淘汰或改用清洁能源;天然气机组二氧化硫和氮氧化物可以达到该标准要求。建议对燃煤电厂锅炉低负荷下脱硝设施的运行、低浓度下烟尘测定的准确性以及汞排放监测进一步研究。     

林格曼监测中的几个问题

林格曼监测中的几个问题ＳｏｍｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＲｉｎｇｅｌｍａｎＭｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｆｏｒＥｎｎｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ李怡之（南京市秦淮区环境监测站南京２１０００１）我国ＧＢ１３２７１－９１《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》中，规定了...     

无组织排放监测的点位设置与采样

工业企业排放大气污染物分集中排放和无组织排放两种方式，GB 16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》(简称《标准》)和HJ／T 55-2000《大气污染物无组织排放监测技术导则》(简称《导则》)是无组织排放监测的主要技术依据。     

典型行业废水特征有机污染物排放控制标准探讨

通过对典型行业废水有机污染物排放现状的调查研究，探讨我国现有污水排放标准存在的问题，即现有的标准不能有效控制废水特征有机污染物排放。依据美国环保局多介质环境模型，用不同方法计算水介质排放环境目标值，用该值作为标准限值，评价典型行业废水有机污染物监测结果。针对典型行业废水有机污染物排放特征，提出制订排放控制标准的建议。     

苏州市重点监控行业VOCs产生和排放特征调查与分析

通过调查与分析苏州市重点监控行业企业VOCs的产生和排放特征,调研典型企业,重点关注其涉及VOCs产生的工艺环节、原辅材料、排放浓度。结果表明:苏州市涉及VOCs排放企业行业众多,尤其以电子信息最多,其次为塑料橡胶制品行业、石油化工行业、纺织印染行业等。重点监控VOCs排放企业使用了大量有机溶剂,生产工艺中涉及VOCs排放的环节多,排放的VOCs种类多、成分复杂,具有行业特征。     

Application of FT-IR for assessment of the biological stability of landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) during in situ aeration

Disposal of untreated municipal solid waste leads to gaseous emissions as well as liquid degradation products. In situ aeration is an emerging means for remediation of abandoned landfills. It aims at an accelerated mineralization and stabilization of waste organic matter and thus reduces significantly the emission potential of the site. In order to prove the success of the technique, evaluation of the biological stability of the aerated material has been suggested. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) provides comprehensive information on the chemical composition of solid waste samples. Different stages of organic matter degradation are reflected by changes in the infrared spectral pattern. In the present study the feasibility of applying FT-IR for assessment of the stability of waste material derived from abandoned landfills and for in situ aeration process control was investigated. Waste samples derived in the course of pilot-scale and lab-scale aeration experiments were characterized by FT-IR (4000-400 cm(-1), KBr-technique, transmission mode) and a set of conventional parameters describing biological stability. The occurrence of distinct indicator bands was correlated with chemical and biological waste properties using 206 solid waste samples. Visual spectra interpretation was found to be appropriate in proving a reduced emission potential of initially rather reactive waste (respiration activity over 4 days (RA(4)) > 7 mg O(2) g(-1) DM) during aeration. Furthermore, cluster analysis was applied successfully to differentiate between original and aerated waste samples, even for rather stable material (RA(4) < 7 mg O(2) g(-1) DM), when visual spectra interpretation was limited.     

Study of the effect of pH, salinity and DOC on fluorescence of synthetic mixtures of freshwater and marine salts

In order to provide support for the discussion of the fate of organic matter in estuaries, a laboratory simulation was performed by changing freshwater ionic strength, pH and organic matter content. The change in spectroscopic characteristics caused by variations in salinity, pH and organic matter concentration in the filtered samples was observed by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The increase in emission fluorescence intensity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) due to increasing salinity (in the range 0 to 5 g l-1) is affected by the pH of the samples. The emission fluorescence intensity at the three maxima observed in the fluorescence spectra, is linearly correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at several salinity values in the same sample. The increase in organic matter concentration caused a shift in the emission peak wavelength at 410 nm for several salinity values. We concluded that it is necessary to take into account the influence of salinity and pH on emission fluorescence of dissolved organic matter if it is to be used as a tracer in estuarine or near shore areas.     

江苏省工业VOCs排放现状与管理对策研究

运用排放因子法估算了江苏省主要工业行业VOCs排放量,结果显示石油炼制、有机化工、医药制造、装备涂装是排放量大的重点行业。基于江苏省VOCs排放与控制现状的分析,阐述了石油化工行业是工业VOCs管理控制的重点和难点,在研究总结国内外先进管理经验的基础上,提出了江苏省应在加快制定排放标准、制定企业监管措施、加强监控能力建设等建议,对地方大气环境管理具有参考价值。     

The trophic position of dead autochthonous organic material and its treatment in trophic analyses

1. The importance of the recycling of organic matter for the overall carbon and nutrient flow in a food web, e.g., by the microbial loop has been recognized for pelagic and other ecosystems during the last decade. In contrast, analyses of the trophic food web structure conducted, e.g., by network analysis based on mass‐balanced flow diagrams (i.e., computation of, e.g., trophic positions and transfer efficiencies, organismal composition of trophic levels) which greatly contribute to our understanding of the flow and cycling of matter in food webs, have not yet responded adequately to this fact by developing coherent techniques with which dead organic matter and its consumers could be considered in the models. 2. At present, dead organic matter (measured in units of carbon or nutrients) is either allocated to a fixed trophic position (between zero and one), or the trophic position of dead autochthonous material depends on the trophic position of the organisms which released it. This causes partially ambiguous and inconsistent interpretations of key measures like trophic transfer efficiences and trophic positions and greatly hampers cross‐system comparisons. 3. The present paper describes and compares four different definitions of the trophic position of dead autochthonous organic material which have either been newly invented or already used. Their impact on the resulting trophic positions of individual groups is illustrated using a food web model from the pelagic zone of Lake Constance. The present analysis evaluates the partially far reaching consequences of the definition chosen, and suggests to allocate all dead organic material to the ‘zeroth’ trophic level irrespectively of its origin (allochthonous or autochthonous), chemical composition and the commodity used to quantify the food web model (e.g., units of carbon or nutrients). By this means trophic positions and trophic transfer efficiencies get a clear and consistent ecological interpretation, while inconsistencies between analyses conducted in units of carbon or nutrients and some operational problems can be overcome and cross‐system comparisons and empirical verification are facilitated.     

Emission of volatile organic compounds from religious and ritual activities in India

Worshipping activity is a customary practice related with many religions and cultures in various Asian countries, including India. Smoke from incense burning in religious and ritual places produces a large number of health-damaging and carcinogenic air pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, styrene, etc. This study evaluates real-world VOCs emission conditions in contrast to other studies that examined emissions from specific types of incense or biomass material. Sampling was conducted at four different religious places in Raipur City, District Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India: (1) Hindu temples, (2) Muslim graveyards (holy shrines), (3) Buddhist temples, and (4) marriage ceremony. Concentrations of selected VOCs, respirable particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter, <5 μm), carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide were sampled from the smoke plumes. Benzene has shown highest emission factor (EF) among selected volatile organic compounds in all places. All the selected religious and ritual venues have shown different pattern of VOC EFs compared to laboratory-based controlled chamber studies.     

不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征研究

机动车尾气主要成分包括一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、铅及苯并[a]芘等.其中,挥发性有机化合物由于其对光化学烟雾的贡献及对人体健康的影响而成为近年来大气化学研究的热点.文章首次对北京市9种车辆、5种燃料在不同工况下排放挥发性有机化合物特征进行了定量研究.结果表明,车型、燃料、净化器及工况等因素对排放量产生影响,电喷车比化油器车排放低,其中,夏利比富康与奥迪排放量高;LPG与汽油车排放量最高,柴油车与CNG车排放最低.其中,-10#柴油车比0#柴油车排放更低;使用净化器可以降低挥发性有机化合物排放量;不同工况对排放量的影响随车型、燃料类型的不同而不同.因此,使用清洁燃料、安装净化器和使用电喷装置,可减少尾气中挥发性有机化合物含量.     

《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)解读

简述了我国涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的污染排放现状与特征,对《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)进行了解读。该标准在我国打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的背景下发布实施,从全过程控制的角度构建了大气污染物排放指标体系,明确了以非甲烷总烃(NMHC)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)为综合表征,与有毒有害特征污染物协调控制的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放指标体系;提出了涂料、油墨、胶粘剂工业无组织排放控制要求和监测监控要求。指出,涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的VOCs控制以无组织排放为主,因此必须从源头减排入手,强化全过程控制和全生命周期控制,环境与安全协同,逐步实现行业可持续发展。     

龙江河流域水环境突发事件智能监控预警系统构建研究

系统调研分析广西龙江河流域内工业企业发展情况、重点污染源排污特征及流域污染监控现状,探索该河流域水环境突发事件智能化监控预警系统构建的思路。提出以水质常规五参数、有机物指标、富营养化指标、特征性指标、生物指标等为重点监控因子,根据全流域监控与分片监控相结合的原则,在现有的河流水质自动站基础上增加建设2座水质自动站。同时,结合龙江河流域的实际情况,提出运用新一代物联网技术构建智能化监控预警系统,实现立体感知、多维数据融合、数据高速传输、信息实时发布、超标预警、可视化展示、应急决策指挥等功能。