西宁市金属冶炼和压延加工业大气颗粒物排放清单

大气污染物排放清单是了解大气污染特征和控制对策的前提。根据排放因子方法，建立了2018年西宁市金属（包括黑色和有色金属）冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀大气污染物的排放清单，并对其时空分布特征和清单不确定性进行了分析。结果表明：西宁市黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀的总排放量分别是4.88×10³、8.37×10³ t；该行业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀排放量贡献率最大的是城北区，分别为58.36%、49.61%。有色金属冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀的总排放量分别是1.85×10³、2.78×10³ t，该行业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的是大通县，分别为53.51%、56.99%。黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的产业是粗钢产业，贡献率分别是38.41%、30.28%。有色金属冶炼和压延加工业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的是铝行业，贡献率分别是97.33%和98.01%。2个行业PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放受月份影响较小，一天中09：00—18：00是排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明：黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业95%置信区间的不确定性较高，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的不确定性分别为-59.33%~58.55%和-47.51%~47.28%。     

潍坊市大气环境中PM2.5和PM10的污染特征及来源解析

于2017年1月—2018年1月在潍坊市城区8个监测点位按季节采集了环境空气颗粒物样品，对其组分进行分析；采用电子低压冲击仪（ELPI）稀释采样法和稀释四通道法2种源采样方法同步采集源样品，建立了潍坊市本地化的燃煤源、钢铁源等排放源的颗粒物源成分谱；结合排放源清单，利用化学质量平衡受体模型（CMB）开展不同行业的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）的精细化来源解析。结果表明，各监测点位ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）年均值均超过环境空气质量二级标准；潍坊市城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘特征组分分别为硅（Si）、Si、钙（Ca），燃煤尘和造纸碱回收尘的特征组分均为硫酸根离子（SO₄^2-）；PM_2.5首要的贡献源类为煤烟尘，分担率为36%；其次为机动车尘，分担率为25.4%；扬尘的分担率为21.8%；煤烟尘中分担率最高的是工业燃煤（18%）；机动车尘中以载货汽车分担率最大（14%）。PM₁₀首要的贡献源类也是煤烟尘，分担率为30.9%，其次是扬尘（27.6%）、机动车尘（21.5%）；煤烟尘中分担率最高的是工业燃煤，为15.4%，机动车尘中以载货汽车分担率最大，为11.8%。工艺过程的分担率均较低。     

基于火点辐射能量的2017—2021年广西秸秆露天燃烧排放时空分析

基于2017—2021年MODIS、VIIRS和Himawari-8等多套卫星的火点辐射能量(FRE)和云量反演数据,使用更高分辨率的火点替代相邻位置低分辨率火点的融合方法,利用晴空的火点分布数据对被云遮蔽的区域进行补偿,核算得到了2 km高分辨率的广西秸秆露天燃烧排放数据,并针对2017—2021年的广西秸秆露天燃烧排放量展开精细的时空分布研究。结果表明:2017—2021年广西秸秆露天燃烧的CO、NO_x、SO₂、NH₃、VOCs、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的年排放量均值分别为12.91万、0.78万、0.16万、0.17万、2.77万、2.26万、2.21万t,排放高值区域分布在广西中部及西南部。秸秆露天燃烧排放的主要时间集中在冬、春季节(10月至次年3月),时值晚稻收割期和甘蔗榨季,占全年排放量的60%以上。广西秸秆露天燃烧PM_2.5年均排放量是全广西PM_2.5人为源年排放量的8.74%,通过逐日排放贡献分析发现,秸秆露天燃烧具有短期排放量较大的特点,2017—2021年,在1—2月有34 d出现秸秆露天燃烧导致PM_2.5排放量超过人为源排放量50%的情况。     

连云港市冬季霾污染成因分析及应急管控效果评估

针对2022年1月5—14日连云港发生的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）连续污染事件（PM_2.5超标共计5 d），基于常规空气质量参数、气象要素、颗粒物组分参数等数据资料，系统分析了污染期间PM_2.5时空变化特征及污染成因，结合大气化学与天气预测模式（WRF Chem）和敏感性试验方法，定量评估了应急减排措施对连云港各区县PM_2.5浓度的影响。结果表明，5 d超标日中有3 d为轻度污染，2 d为中度污染，全市PM_2.5浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势。不利的气象条件（静稳、小风、高湿）、本地排放（机动车尾气、工业工艺源）和二次生成共同导致了PM_2.5污染的发生。实施黄色预警管控后，ρ（PM_2.5）平均值下降了4.6μg/m³，降幅为5.2%，其中东海县和灌云县ρ（PM_2.5）的降幅最大，分别为6.1%和8.3%，同时污染天ρ（PM_2.5）峰值平均下降了9.4μg/m³（6.0%）。通过PM_2.5过程分析方法发现，应急减排导致人为排放、化学过程和背景浓度对近地面ρ（PM_2.5）正贡献的减少量要显著大于垂直混合、区域输送和对流过程负贡献的增加量。     

杭州秋冬季PM2.5污染特征分析

为研究杭州PM_2.5污染来源特征，利用2013—2019年杭州市PM_2.5监测数据和气象观测数据，分析了杭州市2013—2019年PM_2.5浓度变化，选取本地积累型和输入型2种PM_2.5污染过程，结合单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪（SPAMS）和在线离子色谱数据，探讨杭州市PM_2.5化学组分和污染来源。结果表明：每年秋冬季（11月至次年3月）杭州以东北风、西北风及偏南风为主，风速低于4 m/s时，大气扩散条件差，受本地污染物积累影响，PM_2.5浓度容易出现超标；风速较大且为东北风和西北风时，受上游污染输入影响，易出现PM_2.5重度污染。本地积累型和输入型案例中，PM_2.5化学组分中占比最大的为NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺；PM_2.5浓度上升过程中，二次NO₃^-和SO₄^2-转换率明显上升，其中NO₃^-上升更为显著，二次气溶胶污染严重。2次案例中，PM_2.5来源贡献占比前3位均为机动车尾气源、燃煤源和工业工艺源，其中本地积累型PM_2.5浓度上升阶段，机动车尾气源占比会明显上升；输入型案例中，输入阶段机动车尾气源占比显著上升，燃煤源贡献也小幅上升。     

2016—2017年武汉市城区大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

利用2016年1月至2017年9月湖北省环境监测中心站大气复合污染自动监测站的在线监测数据，对武汉市城区PM_2.5的污染特征及主要来源进行解析。结果表明，武汉市城区PM_2.5质量浓度呈现出明显的季节差异，季节变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。水溶性离子的主要成分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺占总离子质量浓度的82.0%。PM_2.5中阴离子相对阳离子较为亏损，颗粒整体呈碱性。夏季气态污染物的氧化程度较高且SO₂较NO₂氧化程度高。后向轨迹分析结果表明，区域传输是武汉市PM_2.5的一个重要来源，在4个典型重污染阶段，武汉市分别受到局地、东北、西北及西南方向气团传输的影响。PMF模型解析出武汉市PM_2.5五大主要来源及平均贡献率：扬尘22.0%、机动车排放27.7%、二次气溶胶21.6%、重油燃烧14.9%和生物质燃烧13.8%。     

宁波市区冬季大气颗粒物及其主要组分的污染特征分析

为了更好地研究影响宁波市区环境空气质量的污染物变化特征,于2010年1月20—30日进行了加强监测。研究结果表明,宁波市区大气中PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度较高,其中PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.5~0.85。对PM₁₀和PM_2.5采样膜分析,水溶性粒子和含碳组分分别占PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的56.7%和66.9%,其中二次污染的水溶性离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是PM₁₀和PM_2.5中浓度较高的离子组分;PM_2.5样品中OC与EC的相关性较好,表明OC与EC的来源相对一致,可能主要来自机动车尾气的贡献;但PM₁₀样品中OC与EC的相关性较差,表明其来源相对复杂;其中SOC的浓度占OC的13%~35%,说明宁波市区冬季导致二次污染的光化学反应不活跃。     

郑州市大气PM2.5的污染特征及源解析

为全面解析郑州市环境空气PM_2.5的化学特征及来源,按照城市功能分区的差异,在郑州市沿主导风向选择4个监测点位,采用大流量采样器分别在采暖季和非采暖季采集40个PM_2.5样品。监测数据表明,郑州市环境空气PM_2.5在采暖季和非采暖季的浓度范围均值高达197、173μg/m³,已属于严重污染;PM_2.5成分分析结果表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Mn等是PM_2.5中的主要污染元素,其富集系数分别为110、94.9、10.9和5.0;主成分分析结果表明,建筑扬尘、土壤尘及道路扬尘、汽车尾气、煤炭燃烧是郑州市PM_2.5的主要来源,其累计贡献率超过90%。     

四川盆地冬季典型污染过程分析及应急减排效果评估

为探讨成都冬季污染过程成因,评估应急减排效果,以2019年12月成都发生的一次长时间污染过程为例,分析污染成因和典型污染物变化特征等,并对四川省启动预警的管控效果进行评估。结果表明:污染期间四川省PM_2.5平均质量浓度为77.9 μg/m³,高出冬季常态浓度1倍左右,成都峰值浓度高达176.0 μg/m³;盆地独特的地形和静稳小风的气象条件,加之高压脊控制影响,污染前期出现连续晴好天气,夜间逆温增强,污染物累积迅速,湿度增大导致污染物二次转化增强,是该次污染过程的重要外因;PM_2.5中硝酸根离子贡献最大(26.7%),NO_x及其二次转化的硝酸根离子是造成该次污染的主要原因;启动黄色预警后,NO₂及其转化后的硝酸根离子浓度以及PM_2.5浓度仍呈上升趋势,各类源贡献显著;升级橙色预警后,NO₂峰值浓度明显下降,硝酸根离子占PM_2.5的比例下降3.7个百分点,PM_2.5浓度上升趋势得到明显遏制;该次区域协同减排效果明显,区域PM_2.5日平均质量浓度下降9.1%~13.1%,区域性污染推迟1d出现,预警城市的重度污染、中度污染、轻度污染天数分别减少13、13、7 d;PM_2.5浓度下降主要来自于工业源、扬尘源和移动源的减排贡献,平均减排贡献比例分别为60.0%、31.3%和8.7%。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m³和111.0μg/m³;各主要源类对PM_2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM₁₀贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。     

江苏省工地和裸地扬尘遥感监测方法研究与结果分析

应用卫星遥感影像结合无人机现场核查数据,对2020年江苏省各设区市主城区工地和裸地2类扬尘源的时空分布变化和污染、管控情况开展了连续性监测,为生态环境监测部门业务化应用提供了思路和方法.研究结果显示,遥感解译精度优于95％,扬尘源数量、面积均呈上升趋势,至第4季度总数达1760个、总面积162.53 km2,总体管控情...     

Externalities of Fugitive Dust

It is known that fugitive dust can cause human health and environmental problems, alone or in combination with other air pollutants. These problems are referred to as ‘external costs’ that have been traditionally ignored. However, there is a growing interest towards quantifying externalities to assist policy and decision-making. With this in mind, the present study aimed at discussing the environmental regulations that deal with fugitive dust, the impact of fugitive dust on human health and global climate system, and the available methods for calculating fugitive dust externalities. The damage cost associated with human health and global environmental problems was predicted based on the environmental strategy priority model. The damage cost estimated by the model ranged from 40 to 374 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust with a mean value of 120 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust. It was also found that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have contributed to about 60% and 36% of the estimated damage cost, respectively. The remaining 4% was attributed to both nitrate and sulfate aerosols.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源

为研究影响西宁市大气环境PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要来源,于2014年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季依托西宁市大气地面观测网络在11个监测点采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其化学组分(元素、离子和碳)进行分析。研究同步采集了4类固定源、14类移动源和4类开放源的PM_(2.5)样品,并构建源排放成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB)开展源解析研究。源解析结果表明,观测期间西宁市PM_(2.5)主要来源包括城市扬尘(分担率为26.4%)、燃煤尘(14.5%)、机动车尾气(12.8%)、二次硫酸盐(9.0%)、生物质燃烧(6.6%)、二次硝酸盐(5.7%)、钢铁尘(4.7%)、锌冶炼尘(3.4%)、建筑尘(4.4%)、土壤尘(4.4%)、餐饮排放(2.9%)和其他未识别的来源(5.2%)。大力开展城市扬尘为主的开放源污染控制,严格控制本地燃煤、机动车等污染源的PM_(2.5)排放,是改善西宁市空气质量的重要途径。     

Estimation of air pollutant emission loads from construction and operational activities of a port and harbour in Mumbai, India

Port causes environmental and health concerns in coastal cities if its operation and development are not made environmentally compatible and sustainable. An emission inventory is necessary to assess the impact of port projects or growth in marine activity as well as to plan mitigation strategies. In this study, a detailed emission inventory of total suspended particulate (TSP) matter, respirable particulate matter (PM₁₀), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) for a port having operation and construction activities in parallel is compiled. The study has been done for 1 year. Results show that the maximum contribution of emission of air pollutants in the port area was from TSP (68.5%) and the minimum was from SO₂ (5.3%) to the total pollutants considered in this study. Total TSP emission from all activities of the port was 4,452 tyr^???1 and PM₁₀ emission was 903 tyr^???1 in the year 2006. Re-suspension of dust from paved roads was the major contributor of TSP and PM₁₀ in the road transport sector. Construction activities of the port had contributed 3.9% of TSP and 7.4% of PM₁₀ to total emission of particulate matter. Of the total particulate emissions from various port activities approximately 20% of TSP could be attributed to PM₁₀. The sectoral composition indicates that major contribution of SO₂ emission in the port was from maritime sector and major contribution of NO_x was from road transport sector.     

Characterization and Identification of the Sources of Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Manganese and Iron in Pm10 Particulates at the Two Sites of Kolkata, India

Monitoring of ambient PM₁₀ (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter) has been done at residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) sites of an urban region of Kolkata during November 2003 to November 2004. These sites were selected depending on the dominant anthropogenic activities. Metal constituents of atmospheric PM₁₀ deposited on glass fibre filter paper were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the seven toxic trace metals quantified from the measured PM₁₀ concentrations. The 24 h average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Fe from ninety PM₁₀ particulate samples of Kolkata were found to be 6.9, 506.1, 79.1, 3.3, 7.4, 2.4 and 103.6 ng/m³, respectively. The 24 h average PM₁₀ concentration exceeded national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) as specified by central pollution control board, India at both residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) areas with mean concentration of 140.1 and 196.6 μg/m³, respectively. A simultaneous meteorology study was performed to assess the influence of air masses by wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. The measured toxic trace metals generally showed inverse relationship with wind speed, relative humidity and temperature. Factor analysis, a receptor modeling technique has been used for identification of the possible sources contributing to the PM₁₀. Varimax rotated factor analysis identified four possible sources of measured trace metals comprising solid waste dumping, vehicular traffic with the influence of road dust, road dust and soil dust at residential site (Kasba), while vehicular traffic with the influence of soil dust, road dust, galvanizing and electroplating industry, and tanning industry at industrial site (Cossipore).     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

南充市大气PM10与PM2.5排放清单及特征

以四川省南充市为研究区域,通过实地调研、现场测试及结合统计年鉴等获得数据,采用排放因子法计算南充市2014年大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放量并建立排放清单。结果表明,南充市2014年扬尘源、移动源、生物质燃烧源、化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源排放总量PM_(10)分别为85 187、1 777、9 175、2 417、3 519 t,PM_(2.5)分别为16 093、1 619、7 322、914、1 585 t,PM_(10)贡献率分别为83.5%、1.7%、9.0%、2.4%、3.4%,PM_(2.5)贡献率分别为58.4%、5.9%、26.6%、3.3%、5.8%。城市区域扬尘源、生物质燃烧源、移动源、化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源对PM_(10)贡献分别为60.0%、12.5%、6.3%、8.6%、12.5%,对PM_(2.5)贡献分别为41.8%、21.6%、14.4%、8.1%、14.1%。南充市2014年大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放源总量和贡献率以及区域空间分布特征均存在差异。