中速定量滤纸水溶物干扰悬浮物测定的研究与校正

中速定量滤纸水溶物干扰悬浮物测定的研究与校正孙廷春（黑龙江双鸭山矿务局环保处１５５１０３）国家环保局公布的《水和废水监测分析方法》（１９８９年版）．要求ＳＳ测定中，若以中速定量滤纸为滤料，滤纸用前先用蒸馏水冲洗，除去可溶性物质、再烘干至恒重，然而这一...     

电加热石墨炉分子吸收法测定水质中的卤化物

研究了利用电热蒸发石墨炉分子吸收法（ＭＡＳ）测定囟化物的优化条件，采用三阶段分步进样，钼涂层石墨管双原子分子吸收法，首次提出了Ａｌｘ（ｘ＝Ｆ，Ｃｌ，Ｂｒ）－ＭＡＳ法测定地表水质中卤化物的技术要点；利用铂、铅、铁空心阴极灯作连续光源，以它们的次灵敏共振线做最大吸收波长进行（ＭＡＳ）法测定；该方法在实际分析中达到满意结果。     

硫酸锰代替硫酸银快速测定化学需氧量

硫酸锰代替硫酸银快速测定化学需氧量党慧雯（石嘴山市环境监测站石嘴山７５３０００）化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）的测定有标准回流法,库仑法［１］。这两种方法均需用Ａｇ２ＳＯ４作催化剂,费用较大。今以ＭｎＳＯ４代替Ａｇ２ＳＯ４作催化剂［２］,用兰炼环化仪器研究所生...     

固相微萃取法在水质监测中的应用

介绍了固相微萃取法（ＳＰＭＥ）的原理,装置,影响因素及其在水质监测中的应用和发展趋势,并比较了一些有机物的ＳＰＭＥ研究情况。     

利用助催化剂高压测定CODcr

探讨了采用ＫＡｌ（ＳＯ４）２作助催化剂从而减少了Ａｇ２ＳＯ４的用量，并在高压条件下可以有效缩短化学需氧量的消解时间，从而达到快速分析的目的。     

M-估计在水质监测中的应用

Ｍ估计是极大似然估计的一种简称。以水质蒸馏后４氨基安替比林分光光度法测定挥发酚和纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮为例,分别考察了Ｍ估计与传统的最小二乘法（ＬＳ）所获取的校准曲线方程。回收试验结果表明个别异常值（＜３０％）不影响Ｍ估计,而ＬＳ估计则不然,前者在水质监测中的稳健性亦得以充分证明     

多价阳离子干扰水质总硬度测定的探讨

多价阳离子干扰水质总硬度测定的探讨ＤｉｓｃｕｓｉｏｎｏｎＩｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗｉｔｈＭｕｌｔｉｖａｌｅｎｔＰｏｓｉｔｉｖｅＩｏｎｓｏｆＨａｒｄｎｅｓＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｉｎＷａｔｅｒＳａｍｐｌｅ陈淑贞（福建省连江县环境监测站连江３５０５００...     

乌鲁木齐降水特征分析

乌鲁木齐降水特征分析李德忱ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＵＲＵＭＱＩＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲ￥ＬｉＤｅｃｈｅｎｇ（ＵｒｕｍｑｉＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ６ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＣｅｎｔｒｅ，Ｕｒｕｍｑｉ，８３００００）Ｃ...     

微机系统在AAS中的应用

微机系统在ＡＡＳ中的应用沈菁，李谦，黄建（绵阳市环境科研监测站６２１０００）１前言应用原子吸收光谱法测定水中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ等重金属方法简便、快速，且干扰少［１］．但由于某些金属含量甚微．若用直接吸入火焰ＡＡＳ法测定．是无法检出的。若用萃取火焰...     

3—（H—酸偶氮）—4—（羟基）—苯磺酸与铁显色反应研究应用

研究了新试剂３—（Ｈ—酸偶氮）—４—（羟基）—苯磺酸（ＨＡＨＢＳ）与铁的显色反应,在ＮＨ４Ａｃ（ｐＨ＝ ７．０）缓冲介质中,ＨＡＨＢＳ和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）可生成３∶１ 稳定络合物,λｍａｘ ＝ ５５０ ｎｍ ,ε＝ ４．８９×１０４Ｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １,铁含量在０～０．６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于环境水样中铁的测定,结果令人满意。     

基于多元统计方法的某地浅层地下水污染来源分析

为查明某地农田灌溉水井水质污染致使作物生长受损事件的污染来源,对研究区10眼水井进行了水质检测分析,并采用多元统计方法判断污染来源。结果表明:研究区水样中全盐量普遍超过农田灌溉水质标准,总硬度、硫酸盐、氨氮和氰化物等也存在不同程度的超标;水样中全盐量、氨氮与氰化物的含量之间存在显著正相关,具有共同的来源,且与河流A补给关系密切;地下水中盐分过高是造成作物受损的主要原因;地下水中全盐量、氨氮及氰化物等主要污染物来源于上游的焦化企业。基于多元统计方法的地下水污染来源分析结果可为当地地下水污染防治及管控提供环境管理依据。     

Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Italian water supplies

A total of 21 samples: raw water (RW) samples; water samples after coagulation with aluminium sulfate (clarified water: CW); and water after chlorination (treated water: TW) from a water purification plant that treats river surface water from the neighbourhood of Foggia (Italy), were analysed for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Bacteriological indicator of faecal contamination (total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci,), total bacterial count at 22 and 36 degrees C and physicochemical parameters (turbidity, temperature, pH) were evaluated. Cryptosporidium oocysts were not found in any samples examined, while Giardia cysts were found only in RW samples, with the maximal concentration of 8 cysts/100 l. A positive correlation was found between the Giardia densities and quality parameters such as TC, FC and TBC at 22 degrees C. Giardia levels in raw water samples correlated (p < 0.05) with TC, FC and with temperature. No other water quality parameters was consistently correlated with cysts level.     

Environmental impact of coal washery and Damodar River water on the morphometry and biochemical changes of maize (Zea mays L.) and soil health

Enormous quantity of water is used for coal beneficiation and accordingly huge amount of effluents are being generated. In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the potential of this effluent water for irrigation. Water samples were collected from three different points (a) feeding point, (b) thickening point, and (c) outlet point of coal washery, and from Damodar River for monitoring the water quality. The samples were analyzed for various parameters and compared with prescribed standard, which revealed that the total suspended solids of thickening point and Damodar River were higher. A pot experiment with maize was conducted to study the suitability of this coal washery water for irrigation. Pots were irrigated with water from the three points of washery and Damodar River in two concentrations (100% and 50% dilution with distilled water); pure distilled water was used for control. There was 100% germination in all the treatments. The plant growth, chlorophyll content and soil quality parameters were significantly better in washery and Damodar River water treated pots. The Damodar River water and washery water from feeding and outlet point could be successfully used for irrigation. In general mixing with good quality water has shown better results.     

地表水监测误差分析与对策

分析和探讨了地表水环境监测过程中存在的误差。在13家监测站同步采样、同步分析的基础上，筛选出地表水监测实验室间比对结果偏差较大的石油类、挥发酚、氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和总磷等7个监测指标。从方法误差、仪器误差、试剂误差、操作误差、环境误差、过失误差和质控选择不当造成的误差等各方面探讨误差成因。根据实样测定结果，提出合理选择并统一分析方法、增加平行测定次数、加强质控措施和修改允许相对偏差等切实可行的对策和措施，为地表水监测和水环境管理提供技术依据。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in and around Peenya industrial area of Bangalore, South India using GIS techniques

Groundwater resource forms a significant component of the urban water supply. Declining groundwater levels in Bangalore Urban District is generally due to continuous overexploitation during the last two decades or more. There is a tremendous increase in demand in the city for good quality groundwater resource. The present study monitors the groundwater quality using geographic information system (GIS) techniques for a part of Bangalore metropolis. Thematic maps for the study area are prepared by visual interpretation of SOI toposheets on 1:50,000 scale using MapInfo software. Physicochemical analysis data of the groundwater samples collected at predetermined locations form the attribute database for the study, based on which spatial distribution maps of major water quality parameters are prepared using MapInfo GIS software. Water quality index was then calculated by considering the following water quality parameters--pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate and sulphate to find the suitability of water for drinking purpose. The water quality index for these samples ranged from 49 to 502. The high value of water quality index reveals that most of the study area is highly contaminated due to excessive concentration of one or more water quality parameters and that the groundwater needs pretreatment before consumption.     

Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures

A total of 60 drinking water samples collected from Erode district, Tamilnadu, India were analysed for fluoride contamination, besides water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, fluoride, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, sodium and potassium. The results obtained were found to exceed the permissible limits. The concentration of fluoride in the water samples ranged between 0.5 and 8.2 mg/l and revealed that 80% of the water samples contain fluoride above the maximum permissible limit. Similarly, the concentrations of nitrate, hardness, calcium and magnesium in some samples were also more than the permissible level. Pearson’s correlation coefficient among the parameters showed a positive correlation of fluoride with total hardness and calcium. It is inferred from the study that these water sources can be used for potable purpose only after prior treatment.     

Assessment of drinking water quality using ICP-MS and microbiological methods in the Bholakpur area,Hyderabad, India

A total of 16 people died and over 500 people were hospitalized due to diarrhoeal illness in the Bholakpur area of Hyderabad, India on 6th May 2009. A study was conducted with immediate effect to evaluate the quality of municipal tap water of the Bholakpur locality. The study consists of the determination of physico-chemical properties, trace metals, heavy metals, rare earth elements and microbiological quality of drinking water. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: pH 7.14 to 8.72, EC 455 to 769 μS/cm, TDS 303.51 to 515.23 ppm and DO 1.01 to 6.83 mg/L which are within WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. The water samples were analyzed for 27 elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of Fe (0.12 to 1.13 mg/L), Pb (0.01 to 0.07 mg/L), Cu (0.01 to 0.19 mg/L), Ni (0.01 to 0.15 mg/L), Al (0.16 to 0.49 mg/L), and Na (38.36 to 68.69 mg/L) were obtained, which exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water quality guidelines. The remaining elements were within the permissible limits. The microbiological quality of water was tested using standard plate count, membrane filtration technique, thermotolerant coliform (TTC), and most probable number (MPN) methods. The total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.0 × 10⁵ to 18 × 10⁷ cfu/ml. Total viable bacteria in all the water samples were found to be too numerable to count and total number of coliform bacteria in all water samples were found to be of order of 1,100 to >2,400 MPN index/100 ml. TTC tested positive for coliform bacteria at 44.2°C. All the water samples of the study area exceeded the permissible counts of WHO and that (zero and minimal counts) of the control site (National Geophysical Research Institute) water samples. Excessively high colony numbers indicate that the water is highly contaminated with microorganisms and is hazardous for drinking purposes. Bacteriological pollution of drinking water supplies caused diarrhoeal illness in Bholakpur, which is due to the infiltration of contaminated water (sewage) through cross connection, leakage points, and back siphoning.     

A Regional Survey of the Microbiological Water Quality along the Shoreline of the Southern California Bight

A regional survey of the microbiological water quality along the shoreline of the Southern California Bight (SCB), from Point Conception south to Ensenada, Mexico, was conducted during August, 1998, by 36 agencies under the coordination of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP). Microbiological water quality was assessed by calculating the percentage of shoreline-mile-days that exceeded bacterial indicator thresholds for total and fecal coliforms, total/fecal ratios, and enterococci. Sample sites were selected using a stratified random sampling approach, with the SCB recreational shoreline divided into six strata: high- and low-use sandy beaches, high- and low-use rocky shoreline, and perennial and ephemeral freshwater outlets. Samples were collected on a weekly basis at a total of 253 sites, beginning on August 2^nd, 1998 and continuing for five weeks. Samples were analyzed by 22 participating labs using their normal methods (multiple tube fermentation, membrane filtration, Colilert® and/or Enterolert®). All labs met testing criteria established through intercalibration exercises and quality control check samples distributed during the sampling period. Nearly 95% of the shoreline-mile days did not exceed daily and monthly bacterial indicator thresholds, demonstrating good bacteriological water quality along the SCB shoreline. Freshwater outlets, comprised mainly of storm drains, had the poorest water quality with 60% and 40% of the shoreline-miles exceeding monthly and daily thresholds, respectively. Freshwater outlets were also more likely to demonstrate exceedances by multiple indicators at a single site, and repeat exceedances at sites over the five-week period. Compared with the southern California beaches, Mexican beaches had nearly 5 times the number of exceedances for total and fecal coliforms, and nearly 8 times the number of exceedances for total/fecal ratios.     

Variation of Metals in Bed Sediments of Qaraaoun Reservoir, Lebanon

The Qaraaoun Reservoir (impoundment of the River Litani) is the only artificial surface water body in the country, Lebanon. Earlier study on the water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir identified three water quality zoning with a central distinct zone suitable for multipurpose water usage. The objective of this study was to extend the earlier work by considering the total metal content of reservoir bed sediments and hence to evaluate factors that control metal deposition or capture. Water samples were collected from 15 sampling sites and sediment samples were simultaneously collected from 9 sites. Water parameters analyzed were pH, Eh, DO and temperature. Sediment samples were dried and sieved and sediment < 75 μ m was retained for analysis. Sediments were subjected to a stepwise heating process with aqua regia to extract the metals, and their content in sediments determined by ICP-MS. The sediment data revealed higher metal contents where the river entered the reservoir which matched higher concentrations of water parameters at the influx site. Regression analysis of total metals in sediments with distance from the river Litani influx point to the dam revealed a log trend for Fe, Cr and Ni, whereas, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb were better described by a polynomial regression. Three sediment zones were identified: entrance, oxidation (central) and reducing (near dam) zones. Sediment contents of Zn, Cu and Pb correlated with organic content, whereas sediment Cr and Ni were associated with iron. It was concluded that sediments act as a sink for metals and the deposition of metals is primarily related to sediment organic content and the level of dissolved oxygen in water.     

太湖流域河流入河污染负荷通量与入湖水质响应关系分析——以殷村港为例

以2020年1—12月太湖主要入湖河流殷村港水质自动监测站的监测数据及2020年太湖水位资料为依据,构建了一维水量水质耦合数学模型,建立了入河污染负荷通量与入湖控制断面水质响应关系,以入太湖控制断面殷村港站达Ⅲ类水质水为目标,模拟计算了殷村港站主要污染物入湖水质变化过程。结果表明,殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标浓度最大值均明显的降低,其中氨氮浓度降低幅度相对较大,主要集中于3—6月;高锰酸盐指数和总磷日均入河污染负荷通量变化相对较小,氨氮日均入河污染负荷通量降低幅度相对较大;殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标年入河污染负荷削减量分别为24.17,41.43,3.87 t。提出,基于核算出的削减量需进一步结合污染负荷通量过程和污染源溯源分析,确定不同水质指标下入河污染负荷控制方向,为科学合理规划殷村港主要污染物的入河污染负荷总量控制提供科学依据。