环境监测科技档案标准化管理初探

一、档案分类管理原则和组卷方法 根据国家建设部《城市建设档案分类大纲》(以下简称大纲)规定的原则。在明确专业特点,兼顾档案之间的有机联系,达到永续利用于监测工作的前提下,按六个大类制定了切实可行的《环境监测科技档案分类图》(略)。大类下设有属类若干,除执行《大纲》中规定的属类以外,根据监测业务的实际情况,将方法试验、专题报告、学术论文、科研成果列入到了L—城市建设科研类中的属类;M—县(区)镇建设类则是以区域为保管单位,执行     

江苏制定空气质量新标准实施方案

江苏省环保厅日前制定了《江苏省空气质量新标准实施方案》(以下简称《方案》)。《方案》明确要求,2013年实现县级以上省控空气自动站均具备PM2.5、O3、CO等指标的监测能力,形成覆盖市县、满足实施新标准评价要求的空气质量监测网络。《方案》对空气质量监测站点的建设范围和监测项目也作了细化要求。《方案》指出,要在2012年完成13个省辖城市     

中国高分辨率近地面NO2浓度反演

通过分析2010年全国333个县级以上城市卫星遥感的NO2对流层年均柱浓度与地面实际观测浓度之间的相关性,发现两者具有一定的线性相关性(r=0.54,n=333),并建立了NO2"遥感柱浓度"与"地面观测浓度"之间的关联方程,通过该方程反演了中国0.125°分辨率近地面NO2污染分布特征。结果表明,全国近地面NO2浓度超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)要求的年均浓度二级标准(0.04 mg/m3)的区域约为5.95万平方千米,超标地区主要集中在华北平原、长三角地区、四川盆地和珠三角地区,这些地区NO2污染水平远高于333个城市的年平均值(0.028 mg/m3)。NO2污染极不平衡,以大中型城市为中心的区域污染特征显著。NO2人口加权浓度分析结果表明,NO2人口加权浓度高值区主要集中在能源消费量大、机动车保有量大及人口密集的地区,全国约5.7%的人口暴露在NO2超标区域。     

山东省生物多样性试点评价

以县级行政区域为评价单元,利用现有文献资料和补充调查数据,按照《区域生物多样性评价标准》(HJ 623—2011)规定的评价指标和方法,评价了山东省120个县级行政区域的生物多样性状况,分析了生物多样性状况空间分布规律。评价结果表明:山东省县级行政区域生物多样性指数在23.27~40.24之间变化,县级行政区域生物多样性状况分为"中"和"一般",分别占山东省土地总面积的55.8%和44.2%。鲁中南山地丘陵区和鲁东丘陵区的生物多样性状况好于黄河三角洲、鲁西北和鲁西南平原区。     

我国大气环境监测数据共享技术现状、问题及对策

正2012年以来,随着新环境空气质量标准实施的逐步推进,实现了地级以上城市环境空气质量监测数据的实时联网和发布,截至2015年底数据量已超10 TB。随着大气十条贯彻实施,空气质量监测逐步扩展到县级城市,我国区域、背景等空气质量监测也在持续推进中,并不断引入温室气体,VOCs、黑炭     

基于组合赋权法的宁波市城市生态系统质量评价

为评价宁波市城市生态系统质量状况,在建立城市生态系统质量指数(UEQI)评价模型的基础上,首先由不同等级指标值线性拟合得到的标准化函数进行原始数据的标准化,然后根据变异系数法与层次分析法相结合的组合赋权法确定指标权重,最后对宁波市9个评价区的城市生态系统质量进行评价对比。结果表明,2006年宁波市城市生态系统质量属于一般水平(UEQI=64),其中宁海县城市生态系统质量最高(UEQI=70),其次为余姚市(UEQI=69)、奉化市(UEQI=68)、主城区(UEQI=67)、北仑区(UEQI=65)、镇海区(UEQI=62)、慈溪市(UEQI=61)和象山市(UEQI=59),而鄞州区的城市生态系统质量最差(UEQI=53)。     

中国城市PM2.5空气质量改善分阶段目标研究

中国城市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))空气质量达标率低,且城市间的污染程度差异较大。为了整体改善PM_(2.5)空气质量,需要针对不同污染程度的城市,制定分阶段改善目标加以考核和管理,研究探讨了城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标体系及不同污染程度城市各阶段目标值。首先运用文献综述法、国内外对比分析法梳理评述了WHO、欧美等发达国家PM_(2.5)的空气质量标准和达标要求,提出中国城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善的考核目标体系,包括PM_(2.5)浓度目标值或下降率、严重污染天数上限、达标天数下限等指标。通过历史数据分析法研究了2000—2013年美国、日本一些城市和2013—2016年中国74个环保城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度的变化趋势,推论出中国城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度年均下降5%~8%是可能实现的;结合环境保护部及各省市PM_(2.5)污染防治规划,提出PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标的设定原则和达标天数的回归计算方法;以2014年114个城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度为基数,计算得出不同污染程度城市2020、2025、2030年PM_(2.5)年均浓度年下降率和达标天数的目标值。     

乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘粒径空间分布特征

结合野外调研的基础,按照四分法采集乌鲁木齐市城市土壤与城市灰尘样品共计306个,利用激光粒度仪和ArcGIS分析了城市土壤与灰尘样品的全粒径(0.02～2 000μm)组成与空间分布特征。研究结果表明:乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘在小粒径范围内空间分布差异不明显,城市土壤粒径主要集中在10～50μm,城市灰尘集中于100～250μm;城市重工业对城市土壤和灰尘小粒径颗粒分布影响更大,而城市商业、居住等为主的人类其他活动行为对大粒径颗粒影响更为显著。乌鲁木齐城市土壤可能对城市灰尘PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)粒径分布的贡献比较突出,应从城市土壤、城市灰尘、颗粒物粒径空间分布、气象等因素综合考虑乌鲁木齐市大气污染的防控。     

优化县级环境监测站发展思路和建设模式的思考

以县级环境监测标准化建设投资与达标验收情况为依据,总结了近年来县级环境监测站建设成效,分析了当前县级环境监测站发展建设存在的主要问题,从创建因地制宜的县级环境监测站建设模式、理顺工作机制、加强人才建设等方面提出了进一步优化县级环境监测站发展建设的意见和建议。     

江苏省夏季典型传输通道城市臭氧污染成因及VOCs污染特征

在2020年8月11—15日的一次典型光化学污染过程中,在江苏省东南沿江传输通道城市同步开展了大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的加密观测,使用基于观测的OBM模型诊断了典型城市臭氧(O_(3))生成机制,并分析其污染成因,梳理了通道城市VOCs化学组成特征、O_(3)生成潜势(OFPs)及污染日与清洁日的差异。结果表明,监测期间大部分城市呈现首尾(8月11和15日)O_(3)超标、中间达标的特征,气象要素影响较小,与前体物关联更为密切。沿江通道城市污染日VOCs总体积分数为15.79×10^(-9)~54.9×10^(-9),均值为31.88×10^(-9),是清洁日城市总体积分数均值(18.08×10^(-9))的1.76倍。南京、镇江、扬州等城市O_(3)生成总体处于VOCs控制区,泰州8月11日处于NOx控制区。各城市VOCs化学组成均以烷烃为主(平均占比31.8%),其次是含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)(26.5%)和卤代烃(19.1%),其他组分占比较低。污染日烷烃、炔烃和芳香烃的体积分数升幅显著高于其他类组分,尤其是芳香烃,增幅为45.1%~296.3%。各城市OFPs中,优势组分均为芳香烃和烯烃,其中乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、乙苯和间对二甲苯等物种质量浓度在污染日上升显著,对O_(3)生成影响较大。     

杭州地区农业土壤中重金属的分布特征及其环境意义

为了分析杭州地区农业土壤重金属的分布特征及其环境意义,通过现场采样和室内分析检测的方法,对杭州市各区县不同作物农业土壤表层土中的Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd 6种重金属元素进行检测,并对其分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,杭州地区农业土壤中除As外,其他5种重金属的平均含量均低于且接近浙江省土壤背景值,个别采样点的重金属含量超过了土壤环境质量国家二级标准。总体上,杭州地区农业土壤处于安全水平。通过重金属的区域分布特征分析表明,余杭区和富阳市农业土壤中重金属平均含量普遍高于其他区域。萧山区和建德市部分农业土壤则存在Cu和Hg含量较高的情况,而淳安县农业土壤中重金属含量差异较大,土壤中出现了As、Cr和Cd含量最大值。不同作物的农业土壤重金属含量存在一定的差异,但不明显。水稻田和蔬菜地的土壤中,重金属含量较其他作物种植类型的土壤中含量高;叶菜类(蔬菜、茶叶)作物土壤中的Cd含量要比根茎类(水稻)、茄果类(水果)及其他作物种植类型的土壤中的含量低。目前杭州地区土壤中6种重金属含量均对作物的直接危害不大,但由于萧山区个别采样点Cu含量严重超标,淳安县土壤中Cd受外源性来源影响也已较明显,需要相关部门加大监管力度,防止污染事件发生。同时,为防止农业土壤中重金属含量进一步升高,需要加大大气降尘监测与治理、废气污染监管与控制治理。     

新建住宅小区噪声验收监测方法初探

住宅小区噪声监测是近年来房地产验收过程中的重要环节,围绕新建住宅小区噪声验收监测方法、评价标准、布点原则等方面进行初步探讨,并根据某住宅小区噪声验收监测实例,提出了相应的建议。     

Determination of the effects of temporal change in urban and agricultural land uses as seen in the example of the town of Akhisar, using remote sensing techniques

Today, as a result of erratic and unplanned urbanization, towns are rapidly becoming a mass of concrete and town-dwellers are suffocated by their busy and stressful professional lives. They feel a need for places where they can find breathing-space in their free time. Green areas within towns are important spaces where townspeople are able to carry out recreational activities. These places form a link between townspeople and nature. The importance of urban green areas is increasing with every passing day due to their social, psychological, ecological, physical and economic functions and their impact on the quality of towns. In this study it has been attempted to demonstrate the pressures of urban development on agricultural land by determining the changing land use situation over the years in the district of Akhisar. In this research, an aerial photograph from year 1939 and satellite images of the town from the years 2000 and 2007 were used. Land use changes in the region were determined spatially. As a result of this study, which aims to determine in which direction urbanization is progressing in the district, the importance of town planning emerges. This study will be informative for the local authorities in their future town planning projects. With its flat and almost flat fertile arable land, the district of Akhisar occupies an important position within the province of Manisa. From the point of view of olive production the region is one of Turkey's important centres. Fifty-five percent of the olive production in the province of Manisa is realized in Akhisar. However, the results of the present study show that while agricultural areas comprised 2.5805 km(2) in 1939, these had diminished to 1.5146 km(2) in the year 2000 and had diminished to 1.0762 km(2) in the year 2007 and residential area (dense) 0.449 km(2) occupied in 1939, in the year 2000 this had risen to 1.9472 and 2.3238 km(2) in the year 2007. This planless urbanization in the study area has led to great losses of farmland.     

平原高速公路交通噪声对两侧敏感区域影响的探讨

针对目前平原高速公路交通噪声影响两侧敏感区域的状况,环评预测结果偏差过大的问题,应用声学传播理论,对交通噪声的衰减结果进行计算,并用实测数据进行验证。其结果对平原高速公路交通噪声的管理与治理提供相应的参考。     

噪声地图在环境噪声监测中的应用

以青岛理工大学新校区为例,采用变网格划分法,研究了基于地理信息系统(GIS)的噪声地图在区域环境噪声评价方面的应用。结果表明,噪声预测系统结合GIS,以数字与渲染图的方式能够直观地展现噪声污染在环境区域的分布状况,可用于指导区域的规划和环境噪声评价。     

新疆县城(区)集中式饮用水源地环境状况调查、评价与对策建议

在新疆县城(区)集中式饮用水源地环境状况专项调查的基础上,对新疆县城(区)集中式饮用水源地水质状况、周边环境状况、环境管理状况进行了较为全面的阐述和评价,分析了水源地水质超标的因为及存在的环境问题,并提出了相应的保护对策和建议.     

Noise disturbance caused by outdoor activities�� a simulated-environment study for Ali Sami Yen Stadium, ?stanbul

Negative effects of noise on individuals, the inevitable result of urbanization, have become a significant urban problem in our day. Introduction of an approach to the noise problem on an urban-planning scale lightens the burden of measures required to be taken against noise at the stages of regional and developmental planning. Stadiums, which should be also evaluated from the point of noise problem when planning decisions are made on the urban planning scale, may cause very serious problems differing depending on the region they are located in. In this article, various dimensions of the noise problem caused by stadiums have been exemplified by making an assessment on Ali Sami Yen football stadium located in Mecidiyeköy district which is among important residential and commercial centres of ?stanbul or Turkey. When the simulation results obtained for ordinary days and match days are evaluated, it has been found out that the people living in the area are exposed to noise levels substantially exceeding the acceptable values. Results of the survey conducted in the area have clearly revealed the existence of noise problem, too.     

重庆市道路交通噪声分布规律及控制措施研究

监测重庆市主城区道路旁居民住宅不同楼层昼间交通噪声等效声级,并分析其垂直分布规律。结果表明,随测点与地面高差的增加,噪声呈先增加后减小的趋势。隔声效果监测结果表明,隔声屏在重庆典型山城的地理环境下隔声效果较差,隔声窗具有较好的隔声效果,且测点距离越近隔声效果越明显。     

Comparison of exhaled carbon monoxide levels among commuters and roadside vendors in an urban and a suburban population in Pakistan

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the six criteria air pollutants related to urbanization and has a wide range of health effects. The study measured and compared the exhaled CO levels among commuters and roadside vendors in potentially heavy and low traffic volume areas of Karachi, a megacity in Pakistan. Saddar town [areas of M. A. Jinnah Road (Tibet Center, Denso Hall) and Empress Market] was selected to represent an area of high traffic volume and the suburban town of Gadap (Gadap and Gulshan-e-Maymar) was selected to represent an area of no or low traffic volume. The study compared the CO exposure of commuters and roadside vendors in high and low traffic volume in Karachi. CO exposure was measured in expired air using the breath analyzer module of Bacharach Monoxor-II, USA. A total of 326 individuals (115 commuters and 211 stationary roadside vendors) from Saddar town (n?=?193) and Gadap town (n?=?133) were selected. In addition, CO levels in ambient air in the same areas, using portable CO analyzer (Bacharach, Monoxor-II, USA), were measured. The mean ambient CO level at Saddar town was 15.6 (SE ± 2.6) ppm compared to 3.3 (SE ± 0.3) ppm at Gadap town. The mean CO level in expired air was significantly higher among nonsmokers at Saddar town (12.8 ± 0.5 ppm) compared to the nonsmokers at Gadap town (7.8 ± 0.4 ppm). The mean CO level in expired air among smokers was twice that of nonsmokers (21.6 vs. 10.6 ppm). CO in expired air was greater among high traffic volume commuters and roadside stationary population in Karachi, Pakistan. The population in Karachi is exposed to high concentration of air pollutants. These pollutants need to be characterized for health effects and interventions needs to be developed.     

南京市声环境功能区划分的相关问题探讨

以城市总体规划为指导,对南京市声环境功能区划进行调整。根据相关技术规范,按照宜粗不宜细的原则,对城市和乡村功能区分别进行划分;明确了4类声功能区的距离范围,更加符合噪声传播特性;针对噪声污染特点,对于相关规范未涵盖的内容作了补充规定,使声环境管理更具针对性。区划结果表明,主城区1类区和3类区比例有所减小,2类区比例有所增加,全市范围内1类区比例仍为最高。