微生物絮凝剂的研究进展及发展趋势

本文论述了微生物絮凝剂在环境水处理中开发应用的必要性,介绍了微生物絮凝剂的种类和研究概况,分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及其影响因素,列举了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例,指出了当前微生物絮凝剂研究存在的问题以及今后的发展趋势。     

水处理中微生物絮凝剂产生菌的选育及应用

综述了微生物絮凝剂产生菌筛选和培育方面的研究进展,介绍了微生物絮凝剂在给水和饮用水、乳化液的油水分离、污水处理等领域的应用,以及廉价培养基的探索实践。提出针对影响微生物絮凝剂产生菌生长代谢的环境条件开展深入研究,同时寻找或设计廉价培养基,降低生产成本,推动其工业化应用。     

粘土矿物类复合水处理絮凝剂的应用研究

絮凝剂的种类很多，目前常用的传统絮凝剂聚合三氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）等在水处理中均易产生二次污染，而用蒙脱石、海泡石等天然粘土矿物材料复合制得的絮凝剂，具有制备容易、污染小、絮凝效果好，成本低廉等优点，可广泛应用于工业废水的处理中。本文对粘土矿物类复合水处理絮凝剂的应用进行了综述，并对其应用前景进行了展望．     

一种新型微生物絮凝剂的制备及对Cu2+去除性能的探究

以城市污水处理厂的脱水污泥为原料,通过超声波细胞破碎制备微生物絮凝剂。采用控制变量法考察污泥浓度、超声波破碎时间对絮凝剂絮凝效果的影响,并探究絮凝液的投加量、pH值、温度、振荡时间、振荡频率、共存金属等因素对5 mg/L Cu^2+模拟废水的去除效果,分析了微生物絮凝剂去除Cu^2+的作用机理。结果表明:当污泥质量浓度为100 g/L,超声波破碎时间15 min时,絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好;当pH值为6.5,温度50℃,絮凝液投加量40 mL,振荡时间1 min,振荡频率200 r/min时去除效果最佳。     

饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展及应用

微生物是威胁饮用水安全的首要问题，水环境微生物快速检测技术的开发和应用是推动饮用水源微生物快速检测和水质安全预警技术发展的保障。随着对水质微生物污染快速检测和准确预警新要求的提出，水环境中微生物在线检测和预警技术得到了越来越多的开发和应用。笔者总结了水环境常见微生物检测方法和技术的发展，重点讨论了饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展和应用，根据各项技术的应用和推广使用程度，将其归纳为常用快速检测技术、潜在适用快速检测技术和新型快速检测技术等类别，并详细阐述了一些应用较广的技术，以期为构建水质微生物污染早期预警系统提供参考。     

复合型聚合氯化铁絮凝剂的研究进展

介绍了聚合氯化铁（PFC）的几种制备方法，重点介绍了利用氯酸钠作氧化剂直接氧化钢铁盐酸酸洗废液的方法制备PFC．针对目前PFC得不到广泛应用的实际，提出了针对PFC的多种改性方法．如在聚合铁的制备过程中引入聚硅酸该絮凝剂同时具有电中和及吸附架桥作用；又如加入无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝制成的聚合氯化铝铁，加入有机絮凝剂制成的有机铁盐复合絮凝剂．并且提出了聚合氯化铁今后的发展趋势．     

用废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取絮凝剂的研究

介绍了利用7废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取水处理用的絮凝剂合成工艺，通过对废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料卤代及胺化处理，合成了具有良好絮凝性能的絮凝剂产品，并以产品对数种废水进行了絮凝净化试验，取得了良好效果。     

生物絮凝剂在啤酒废水处理中的应用实验

本文用生物絮凝剂处理可生化性的啤酒废水，对生物絮凝剂投加量、生物絮凝剂处理的适宜pH值、温度、金属离子影响等条件进行较系统的研究，绘制出单一因素对生物絮凝剂处理效果影响的曲线，确定生物絮凝剂处理啤酒废水的最适条件．经过5d处理，啤酒废水中COD去除率可达90．53％；污水中氨氮的去除率可达84．08％；絮凝率可达87．56％．     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝处理印染废水的正交试验研究

用聚合硅酸硫酸铝(PASS)作为絮凝剂对印染废水进行处理，采用正交试验设计法研究各种因素对色度去除率的影响．选定L16(4^3)的正交实验表，确定出其最佳操作条件pH值为8．04，投加量为25mL(其浓度为10^-5mol／L)，絮凝剂中硅铝比1：1，色度去除率达80％以上，其中pH值对处理效果的影响最为显著，是主要因素。     

大气微生物与气象条件及大气污染物的灰色关联分析

根据大气微生物浓度、气象因子和大气污染理化因子的监测结果，应用灰色关联分析原理，分析研究大气微生物浓度与气象条件和大气污染物的关联程度，说明气象因子对各类微生物浓度的影响大于大气污染因子，特别是对耐高渗透压霉菌。     

BOD微生物传感器和BOD智能生物检测仪的研究

报道了一种具有广泛底物的高效菌种制成的 BOD微生物传感器及智能型快速 BOD测定仪。采用该仪器 ,可快速测定水中的 BOD,测定周期仅为 3 0分钟     

Flocculation of metals during mixing of Siyahrud River water with Caspian Sea water

Flocculation of dissolved Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb during mixing of Siyahrud River water with water sample of Caspian Sea at nine different salinity regimes was investigated. The maximum flocculation of elements occurs in the salinities 1.67‰ to 3.67‰ (except for Zn). The flocculation trend of Zn (80.9) >Mn (58.3) > Cu (30.5) > Ni (25.9) > Pb (19.5) indicates that flocculation of metals have nonlinear behavior towards salinity changes during estuarine mixing. Electrical conductivity shows a linear behavior in different proportions of salinity which is in contrast with the behavior of other studied parameters. Cluster analysis indicates that pH and NO(3) are governing factors in the flocculation of Cu, Mn, and Pb. The results of this research show that 80.9%, 19.5%, 25.9%, 30.5%, and 58.3% of dissolved Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Mn flocculate during estuarine mixing. Total amount of studied dissolved element flowing in to the Caspian Sea would decrease from 5.62 to 2.76?t/year.     

工业废水中测定六价铬的预处理技术

根据复合絮凝剂与阳离子交换树脂两者在分离与处理技术上所起的不同作用 ,提出了将两法联合用作工业废水中测定Cr6 的预处理技术 ,通过一系列条件试验 ,确定最佳预处理条件。结果表明 ,该法具有去色、去浊率高 ,分离效果佳 ,排除干扰离子能力强 ,分析样品重现性好 ,准确度高 ,操作简便、快捷的优点。     

Real-time quantitative PCR with gene probe, fluorochrome and flow cytometry for microorganism analysis

Microorganism concentrations and viability can be better understood and clarified by using both culture and non-culture methods. Here, using pure suspensions of E. coli, three non-culture methods, namely, flow cytometry (FCM), epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR), were compared with a traditional culture-based method. Using fluorocome-labeling methods with FCM and EFM applications, acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) dyes were used to determine the total cell concentration and microorganism viability, respectively. The results indicated that total cell concentrations determined using FCM were statistically higher (2.62-4.94 times) than those determined using EFM. The difference might be due to cell losses induced by extensive preparations needed for EFM. In addition, EFM and FCM were highly associated for both the total cell concentration and viability. FCM-measured viability was the highest, whereas the culture-measured viability was the lowest. Furthermore, DNA concentrations measured by real-time qPCR with gene probe were highly associated with the total number concentrations measured by either the EFM or FCM. In summary, the three non-culture methods compared here could provide rapid and accurate information about microorganism concentrations and viabilities.     

离心法应用于高浊度地表水中氨氮测定预处理过程中的方法

比较多种预处理方法去除浊度对地表水氨氮测定的影响,结果表明在测定高浊度地表水氨氮的过程中,采用离心法可较好地去除悬浮物对水样测定的干扰。较清水样用比色前离心方法,对于较浑浊的水样用絮凝沉淀结合比色前离心方法,可明显去除浊度的干扰,得到稳定的氨氮数值。2种方法的准确度和精密度均满足质控要求。     

水中石油类和动植物油类测定标准的探讨

对水中油类测定的新旧标准---《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》（ HJ 637-2012）和《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》（ GB/T 16488-1996）作比较，前者的内容中增加了总油的定义，修改了干燥剂的处理条件、样品体积的测量方法及萃取条件和萃取液脱水方式，删除了絮凝富集萃取的内容。试验证明，改进后的方法降低了检出限和空白干扰，样品体积测量更加准确。     

Application of Non-Conventional Filtration Technologies in Pollution Control

Deep bed filtration is becoming increasing important in wastewater treatment particularly in tertiary treatment as stringent water quality standards are emphasized. A detailed pilot-scale filtration study conducted with secondary effluent in a sewage treatment plant indicated that tertiary filtration with prior alum flocculation is capable of producing high quality effluent, particularly an effluent with phosphorus content of less than 0.3 mg/L (Vigneswaran and Ngo, 1994). Main problem of dual media filter has been rapid headloss development thus frequent backwash requirement. To overcome this problem two independent experimental studies were conducted: one with mobile bed filtration (MBF) and the other with combined downflow floating medium flocculator/prefilter (DFF) and coarse sand filter (CSF) system. A semi-pilot scale mobile bed filtration study conducted using oxidation pond effluent indicated that MBF with contact-flocculation arrangement was good in removing COD, T-P and turbidity with practically no headloss development. Sand of 0.6-0.84 nm dia and 50 cm depth was sufficient to reduce the COD and P from 55 mg/L and 4.5 mg/L to 15 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively at a filtration rate of 7.5 m3/m2.h. Another experimental study with combined DFF-CSF system indicated that the DFF with in-line flocculation addition is a good pretreatment unit to reduce the phosphate upto 80-90%. The fact that DFF resulted in uniform filterable-flocs, it can also successfully be used as a static flocculator/prefilter unit. The introduction of DFF on top of a coarse sand filter increased the filter run time and removal efficiency (more 90-95% of NH3-N and T-P removal respectively). Most importantly, the backwashing of this system was achieved with small quantity of water at low backwash indicated that the removal efficiency was also superior with this system apart from the major advantage of low operating cost.     

Poly(sodium acrylamidoalkanoates) in water treatment

Poly(sodium 6-acrylamidocaproate), poly(sodium 11-acrylamidoundecanoate), poly(sodium 11-N-methylacrylamidoundecanoate) and poly(sodium 11-N-ethylacrylamidoundecanoate) have been synthesized. The performance of these anionic polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids in water treatment was assessed by the jar test. The effects of polymer dosage and pH on their performances were investigated in order to establish the optimum flocculation conditions. The effectiveness of these polyelectrolytes as well as a commercially available cationic polyamine organic coagulant aid was compared in terms of floc size, settling rate and the quality of treated water. Poly(sodium 6-acrylamidocaproate) and poly(sodium 11-acrylamidoundecanoate) were superior to poly(sodium 11-N-methylacrylamidoundecanoate) and poly(sodium 11-N-ethylacrylamidoundecanoate), and they are as effective as the commercial cationic coagulant aid.     

Evaluation of drinking water treatment and quality in Takua Pa, Thailand

After 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, which hit and devastated several Countries in Southeast Asia, University of Brescia and Mahidol University started a project on water monitoring and treatment for drinking purposes in Takua Pa district (Thailand), the most damaged by the tsunami. In particular, this paper presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Takua Pa drinking water treatment plant and to identify actions that could be adopted to improve its performances. The results show that, even if the effluent usually meets Thai guide values, except for pH which is already too acid in the influent, the plant needs several structural and managerial improvements, such as filtration and sedimentation upgrade, coagulation/flocculation and final disinfection re-organization, use of proper registers to better plan and control employees activities. Moreover, it was determined that water quality in the distribution network is characterized by turbidity and organic matter values higher than those evaluated in the plant effluent.