基于DPeRS模型的渭河典型断面汇水区面源污染评估及污染成因分析

近年来甘肃渭河桦林断面月度水质不稳定达标的问题引起了管理部门的广泛关注,掌握桦林断面汇水范围面源污染现状,对控制流域面源污染和促进水质稳定达标具有重要意义。采用遥感分布式污染估算（DPeRS）面源污染评估模型,对2018年黄河流域甘肃桦林断面汇水区面源污染空间分布特征进行分析,开展多类型污染量产排特征解析。结果表明：农业面源污染量方面,2018年甘肃桦林断面汇水区总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、重铬酸盐指数（COD_Cr）面源污染排放量分别为11 591,2 697,7 141和1 458 t,入河量分别为2 184,512,1347,263 t;空间分布上,氮型（TN和NH⁺₄-N）排放负荷高值区主要分布在陇西县、武山县县段和岷县县段;武山县县段TP排放负荷较为突出;COD_Cr型面源污染高负荷区主要分布在陇西县、渭源县县段和武山县县段。农业面源污染物入河排放负荷空间分布差异明显,氮磷型（TN、NH⁺₄-N和TP）入河高负荷区主要分布在武山县县段、陇西县、临洮县县段;COD_Cr型面源污染入河高负荷区呈分散分布。漳县西部地区水土流失量较高,漳县西部、陇西县和渭源县县段北部局部地区泥沙负荷量较高。枯水期污染治理仍是保障水质稳定达标的关键期,农田径流是渭河桦林断面所在汇水区氮磷型面源污染的首要污染类型,畜禽养殖是COD_Cr型面源污染的首要污染类型。     

丹江口水库湖北库区水质分区及长期变化趋势

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,准确地掌握丹江口水库水环境质量状况变化情况,对保障调水工程顺利进行有着极其重要的意义。基于水质理化指标将丹江口水库湖北库区水域划分为4个区,各分区的主要物理指标存在显著差异,化学指标较为均一;近10年水质历史监测数据显示,湖北库区除总氮指标外,其余监测指标水质类别均达到或优于Ⅱ类,总体水质保持优良;氨氮、总磷、总氮3项指标年均浓度从2007年起呈增加趋势,在2011年后均有所降低并趋于稳定。农业面源污染对丹江口水库水质影响较大。目前采取的各项环保措施对丹江口水库的水质产生了积极的影响,需继续加大各项治理措施的实施力度,完善水质监测系统,保障丹江口水库水质安全。     

汉丹江(陕西段)水质变化特征分析

基于2008—2012年陕西省境内汉江、丹江干流14个断面的水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法、平均综合污染指数法和秩相关系数法等对该段水体的水质变化特征进行研究。结果表明,汉丹江(陕西段)断面水质以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类为主,水质总体为优;水质综合污染状况呈下降趋势,其中汉江下降趋势显著;水质综合污染状况空间差异和区域分布特征明显,城区段污染大于郊区,各行政区段河流下游污染大于上游。流域水质主要受有机污染和营养盐因子影响,水体污染源主要来自城镇生活源和农业面源,工业源占比不大且排放行业较为集中。     

滨海新区地表水水质评价与污染源分析

滨海新区在大力发展工业的同时，面临水资源紧缺与水环境恶化等问题，基于2020年至2021年滨海新区内15个监测站位的丰水期、枯水期实测数据，通过改进型加拿大水质指数模型对滨海新区地表水进行水质评价，在水质评价的基础上，利用相关性分析与绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型分析影响地表水水质状况的污染源。15个水质监测站位水质评价结果表明：丰水期水质指数为32.27～82.80,良好水质站位1个，中等水质站位6个，较差水质站位7个，差等水质站位1个；枯水期水质指数为47.28～81.36,良好水质站位1个，中等水质站位12个，较差水质站位2个。污染源分析结果表明：丰水期中，污染源为生活污水、农业面源污染、养殖尾水点源污染；枯水期中，主要污染源为工业废水、生活污水、养殖尾水面源污染。     

新安江水库主要入流营养盐的时间变化特征及其影响因素分析

流域上游来水是水库的重要补给源，其水质状况直接决定下游受纳水库的生态系统状态和功能，研究入库来水营养盐的时间演变特征并揭示其变化的影响因素，为水库水质管理提供重要科学依据。以新安江水库安徽辖区为研究区，分析了2007—2016年期间流域入库水质的变化特征，探讨水文、气象等环境条件对入库水质的影响。研究结果表明，2007年以来，COD_Mn和透明度表现为下降趋势，TN、TP、NH₃-N呈明显上升趋势，来水营养水平上升，但叶绿素a呈下降趋势。流域降水带来的水文情势的变化对来水水质起重要作用，来水中N、P营养盐丰水期显著高于枯水期，同流域降水过程显著正相关。     

三峡库区重庆段浮游藻类调查及水质评价

对三峡库区重庆段的浮游藻类的种类、种群密度和生物量进行了调查和分析,采用指示生物法和生物多样性指数法对三峡库区重庆段水体水质进行了评价。评价结果表明,三峡库区重庆段水体水质总体属轻度污染,并根据当地情况提出了保护水质的建议。     

湘江衡阳段软体动物多样性调查和水质生物学评价

对衡山大源渡电站蓄水多年后的湘江衡阳段软体动物的种类组成、区系分布以及多样性进行了调查,并用生物多样性指数对湘江衡阳段水质进行了评价。调查结果表明,湘江衡阳段计有软体动物45种,分别隶属于2纲9科18属,其中腹足纲6科11属30种,双壳纲3科7属15种,其区系成分主要为东洋界类型;其中26种为中国特有种,且湖南湄公螺为濒危物种(被《中国物种红色名录》定为灭绝的物种)。用软体动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)对湘江衡阳段进行水质生物学评价,研究结果表明,湘江衡阳段的水质除东洲岛和衡山县城为清洁水外,其余8个采样点的水质均受到了轻度污染。     

京杭大运河王江泾断面水质达标综合治理对策

简述了京杭大运河王江泾断面水质及区域水污染现状,指出工业污染、农业面源污染、污水集中处理设施滞后、内源污染是区域水污染的主要因素。提出,对区域水环境综合整治,实现京杭大运河王江泾断面水质稳定达标,必须推进产业结构调整与空间布局优化,推进点源污染整治,推进农业面源污染治理,推进生活污染源整治,推进河道整治,提高环境监管及应急水平。     

中国农村饮用水水源地水质状况研究

为了系统评估中国农村饮用水水源地水质变化情况，根据2009—2018年农村饮用水水源地水质监测数据，综合评价和分析了中国农村地表和地下饮用水达标情况、空间分布和主要超标因子等。监测结果表明：10年来，农村饮用水水源地达标率不断提高，这主要得益于地表饮用水水质整体改善；地下饮用水水质达标率持续偏低，且略有变差趋势，与城市地区的差距逐年加大。农村饮用水水源地超标断面和点位在空间上分布较广，主要超标因子相对集中，且表现出与农村和农业面源污染较强的相关性。建议进一步重视农村饮用水水源地（特别是地下饮用水）的保护，加强农村饮用水水源地水质监测，加快农业面源污染防治。     

太浦河界标断面水质达标综合治理对策

简述了太浦河界标断面2020年水质考核目标以及区域水污染现状。指出,界标断面水质主要超标因子为DO和TP,农业面源污染、工业污染、生活污水处理相对滞后、内源污染、部分黑臭河道河段清淤不彻底是导致区域水污染的主要因素。提出,要推进农业面源污染治理,强化工业污染源治理,加强区域性污染物控制以及生活污染源整治,促进河湖生态系统恢复,加强自动监测站管理工作。     

浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水质量对水生生物的影响

对浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水进行了水生生物毒性实验,参照Bulichi等人提出的"环境水样的综合危害性评估方法",评估了该河段地表水对水生生物安全的影响,并结合同期地表水基本项目的监测结果,分析了产生水生生物急性毒性的原因。     

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminations in surface water from the Hun River, Northeast China

The objectives of this study were to investigate the levels, dispersion patterns, seasonal variation, and sources of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA-PAHs) in the Hun River of Liaoning Province, China. Samples of surface water were collected from upstream to downstream locations, and also from the main tributaries of the Hun River in dry period, flood period, and level period, respectively. After appropriate preparation, all samples were analyzed for 16 EPA-PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 124.55 to 439.27 ng l^?1 in surface water in dry period, 1,615.75 to 5,270.04 ng l^?1 in flood period, and 2,247.42 to 7,767.9 ng l^?1 in level period. The 16 EPA-PAHs concentrations were significantly increased in the order of level period > flood period > dry period. The composition pattern of PAHs in surface water was dominated by low molecular weight PAHs, in particular two- to three-ring PAHs. In addition, two-ring PAH accounted for 39.33 to 88.27 % of the total PAHs in level period. Low molecular weight PAHs predomination together with higher levels of PAHs in flood and level period suggested a relatively recent local source of PAHs. Special PAHs ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene indicated that under dry weather season conditions, the PAHs found in surface water were primarily from petrogenic source, while under wet weather season conditions they were from mixed source of both petrogenic inputs and combustion sources. The comparison of PAHs contamination among different types of areas in China suggested that atmospheric depositions might be the most important approaches of PAHs into water system. Although the Hun River exists low PAHs ecological risk now, potential toxic effects will be existed in the future especially in flood and level period.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的上海苏州河水生态系统健康评价

苏州河横贯上海中心城区，曾是都市污染河流。为从生态学角度揭示苏州河的污染程度，笔者采用鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价了苏州河水生态系统的健康状况。分别于2019年6月4—23日（夏季）和9月14—26日（秋季），租用专业渔船在苏州河13个断面采集样本，共采集到10 102尾鱼类，隶属于8目15科37属45种。以大莲湖为参照点，通过判别分析和关联度筛选，从5大类29个初选指标中筛选出10个指标，构建了苏州河F-IBI评价指标体系。分析结果表明：夏季干流上游的5个断面状况为"极好"或"好"，支流3个断面为"好"或"一般"，而干流下游的5个断面则为"差"或"极差"。秋季干流上游5个断面和支流3个断面与夏季的健康状况相似，下游断面则有所改善，仅武宁路桥为"极差"，其余均为"一般"或"差"。研究显示苏州河上游干流的水生态系统已基本恢复，而上游支流和下游干流还未建立健康稳定的水生态系统。建议苏州河环境综合整治第四期工程要更加注重治理岸上的污染源，同步实施干支流水系的污染治理，定期开展城区段淤泥清理，实施岸线的生态化改造。     

Evaluation of chromium contamination in water, sediment and vegetation caused by the tannery of Jijel (Algeria): a case study

In order to evaluate the chromium (Cr) contamination due to the discharge of waste waters from the tannery of Jijel in the Mouttas river (Algeria), samples of water, sediment and vegetation (Agropyrum repens) were collected during a 6 month period in four stations located upstream (control) and downstream of the tannery. The total chromium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal inputs were clearly related to effluent discharges from the tannery into the river. Although only traces of chromium were found in water samples upstream of the tannery, very high concentrations (up to 860 times higher) were detected downstream. The contamination was not limited to water of Mouttas River because a same difference in chromium concentrations was also found in sediments and plants Agropyrum repens that were sampled upstream and downstream of the tannery. This work showed that the treatment process used in the wastewater treatment plant of the tannery of Jijel is not able to remove the chromium detected in their influents. The occurrence and chromium levels detected in the aquatic environment represent a major problem concerning drinking water resources and environmental protection of water bodies.     

Strategies to optimize monitoring schemes of recreational waters from Salta,Argentina: a multivariate approach

Several recreational surface waters in Salta, Argentina, were selected to assess their quality. Seventy percent of the measurements exceeded at least one of the limits established by international legislation becoming unsuitable for their use. To interpret results of complex data, multivariate techniques were applied. Arenales River, due to the variability observed in the data, was divided in two: upstream and downstream representing low and high pollution sites, respectively, and cluster analysis supported that differentiation. Arenales River downstream and Campo Alegre Reservoir were the most different environments, and Vaqueros and La Caldera rivers were the most similar. Canonical correlation analysis allowed exploration of correlations between physicochemical and microbiological variables except in both parts of Arenales River, and principal component analysis allowed finding relationships among the nine measured variables in all aquatic environments. Variable’s loadings showed that Arenales River downstream was impacted by industrial and domestic activities, Arenales River upstream was affected by agricultural activities, Campo Alegre Reservoir was disturbed by anthropogenic and ecological effects, and La Caldera and Vaqueros rivers were influenced by recreational activities. Discriminant analysis allowed identification of subgroup of variables responsible for seasonal and spatial variations. Enterococcus, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, E. coli, pH, and fecal coliforms are sufficient to spatially describe the quality of the aquatic environments. Regarding seasonal variations, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, fecal coliforms, and pH can be used to describe water quality during dry season, while dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus during wet season. Thus, the use of multivariate techniques allowed optimizing monitoring tasks and minimizing costs involved.     

水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展

开展水生态环境质量评价方法研究，建立合适的河流健康评价体系是解决河流健康问题的前提和实现河流健康管理的重要手段。黄河自上而下生态环境现状迥异，水生态环境脆弱，寻求一种或多种适合黄河流域水生态环境质量的评价方法具有重要意义。该文介绍了国内外水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展，总结了鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)、底栖无脊椎动物完整指数(B-IBI)、着生藻类生物完整性指数(P-IBI)及水生态环境质量综合评价法的主要指标，以及黄河流域不同区域生物种类的评价指标，分析了各评价方法优缺点及应用范围，并根据目前研究基础评述了黄河流域水生态环境质量评价存在的问题，对黄河流域水生态环境质量评价方法、指示生物的选择及水生态环境质量综合评价法的研究等提出了具体建议。     

吉林省山地河流毛翅目幼虫的分布及对水质监测和评价的研究

本文报道了吉林省东南部山地主要江河上游毛翅目幼虫的分布状况，计１２科１９属３１种。并结合水质理化监测数据，对浑江六个断面的水质进行综合评价，探讨毛翅目幼虫对水质的指示作用，确定旋刺纹石蚕为弱──强中污带水体的指示生物。     

黄河流域水生生物资源评估及问题诊断

近几十年来,随着全球气候的变化和社会经济的发展,受筑坝建闸、河道断流、水质恶化、酷渔滥捕、人工引种、海水入侵、调水调沙等因素影响,黄河流域水生生物多样性及资源量呈下降趋势。在目前流域内多目标同步推进的要求下,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展正不断面临新的挑战。通过分析黄河流域水生生物多样性和资源量在时空分布上的演变规律,明确了是水资源短缺、工程建设、水环境恶化等因素的共同作用导致了黄河流域的水生态危机。基于绿色生态、高质量发展的科学管理理念,提出了新时代黄河流域水文-环境-生态协同保护与修复的发展策略,为促进黄河流域水资源保护和生态系统可持续发展提供数据支持与理论参考。     

Characterization of Benthic Communities and Physical Habitat in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Merced Rivers, California

The primary goal of this study was to characterize physical habitat and benthic communities (macroinvertebrates) in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced Rivers in California’s San Joaquin Valley in 2003. These rivers have been listed as impaired water bodies (303 (d) list) by the State of California due to the presence of organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon, Group A pesticides (i.e., organochlorine pesticides), mercury, or unknown toxicity. Based on 10 instream and riparian physical habitat metrics, total physical habitat scores in the Stanislaus River ranged from 124 to 188 (maximum possible total score is 200). The highest total habitat score was reported at the upstream site. Tuolumne River physical habitat scores ranged from 86 to 167. Various Tuolumne River physical habitat metrics, including total habitat score, increased from downstream to upstream in this river. Merced River physical habitat scores ranged from 121 to 170 with a significant increase in various physical habitat metrics, including total habitat score, reported from downstream to upstream. Channel flow (an instream metric) and bank stability (a riparian metric) were the most important physical habitat metrics influencing the various benthic metrics for all three rivers. Abundance measures of benthic macroinvertebrates (5,100 to 5,400 individuals) were similar among the three rivers in the San Joaquin watershed. Benthic communities in all three rivers were generally dominated by: (1) Baetidae species (mayflies) which are a component of EPT taxa generally considered sensitive to environmental degradation; (2) Chironomidae (midges) which can be either tolerant or sensitive to environmental stressors depending on the species; (3) Ephemerellidae (mayflies) which are considered sensitive to pollution stress; and (4) Naididae (aquatic worms) which are generally considered tolerant to environmental stressors. The presence of 117 taxa in the Stanislaus River, 114 taxa in the Tuolumne River and 96 taxa in the Merced River implies that the benthic communities in these streams are fairly diverse but without a clear definition of benthic community expectations it is unknown if these water bodies are actually impaired.     

Anuran Development, Density and Diversity in Relation to Agricultural Activity in the Holland River Watershed, Ontario, Canada (1990–1992)

Significantly lower anuran species diversity and density was recorded in a vegetable growing area relative to upstream and downstream sites in the Holland River watershed, Ontario, Canada. Egg hatching success and tadpole deformity rates of American toads (Bufo americanus americanus), green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota) and northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) eggs in water from field sites and control water were assessed. Compared to the control and the upstream site, the total abnormality rate (unhatched eggs plus deformed tadpoles) was higher for American toads in water from the agricultural and downstream sites. Total abnormality was higher in green frog eggs in water from the agricultural site and a downstream site. Trace concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were detected most often in agricultural zone water and sediments than in upstream and downstream sites. Organochlorine pesticide residues, especially in agricultural zone samples, exceeded the no effect level guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Ammonia, phosphorus, particulates, BOD and TKN were highest in the agricultural zone. Significant correlations between these parameters and anuran development suggest nutrient run-off as a causal or contributing factor in lower anuran diversity, density and reproductive success of American toads and green frogs in the site dominated by agriculture.