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索氏抽提法测定高吸油树脂的凝胶含量 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
赵雪芹 《甘肃环境研究与监测》2001,14(4):226-227
介绍了索氏抽提法的工作原理及测定方法。确定了抽提时间及烘烤条件。通过与浸泡法的对比实验,得出用索氏抽提法测定凝胶含量更为有效、准确。 相似文献
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火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定总铬的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
用火焰原子吸收分光光度法直接测定水和废水中的总铬.通过不同条件的实验,确定了最佳的分析条件;并通过标准样品和实际样品的分析,验证了方法的准确度和精密度.在大量实验基础上,建立空白实验、准确度质量控制图,以便定期对各种监测数据提供可行的质量保证措施.实验结果表明,该法快速方便,提高了分析效率,准确度高,精密度好,值得普及和推广. 相似文献
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在循环冷却水系统中,水质的变化会影响水处理药剂的缓蚀性能,通过实验室的挂片腐蚀性能评价实验,获得不同中水比例对系统的腐蚀影响规律,并确定了发挥最佳缓释性能的水处理剂投加浓度。 相似文献
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对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铅的实验条件进行了研究,采用正交实验法分别考察了方法中载气压力,燃烧头高度,燃气流量及助燃气流量等因素对分析灵敏度的影响,从而确定了最佳测试条件。 相似文献
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Heat stress presents a main problem to Muslim Hajeej (pilgrims) during Hajj (pilgrimage) season, particularly in summer. Records of the Saudi Ministry of Health show close relation between heat casualties and climatic heat load through consequent Hajj seasons. The present study was conducted to evaluate the climatic heat load in Hajj locations during summer of 1995 as well as just before and during the Hajj season of 1997. Heat measurements including: T (a), T (w), T (g), WBGT, relative humidity and air velocity were conducted through July-September 1995, and on March/April 1997, in 10 Hajj locations at morning, noon, afternoon and night. The highest WBGTs were at Haram court, Ghazzah area and Muna housing area, followed by Arafat areas and Muzdalefah, and the lowest at Azizia area. However, all the WBGTs were considerably higher than the ACGIH-TLV for safe heat exposure, particularly during daytime; meanwhile, heat exposure considerably exceeded the ASHRAE comfort zone at all locations all times. The natural climatic condition is a major contributing factor to the overall heat load; moreover, potentiated by heat dissipated from Hajj activities, including Hajeej crowds, human activities, and the vehicles' masses exhaust. This situation is further synergized by some pilgrims' misbehavior (e.g. living in open sunny areas, using vehicles without roofs) and lack of awareness of the seriousness of heat exposure among them. An outline for a control strategy has been suggested based on planting open areas of Arafat and Muna, provision of air conditioned housing and tents in Muna, segregation of pedestrians from vehicles and their provision of shaded roads and rest areas, establishing more water spatters in Arafat and Muna, checking the performance of large vehicles before issuing their permits for operation during Hajj, providing vehicles parking isolated areas away from Hajeej tents, provision of ample amounts of quality drinking water in all Hajj locations, provision of ample optimal ambulance services, and dissemination of educational information to Hajeej for their taking advantage of Fiqh (religion rules) waivers in performing Hajj rituals to minimize their heat exposure, and for their personal protection. 相似文献
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Today, energy problems are becoming increasingly serious. The direct energy consumption of buildings accounts for 20% of the total energy consumption in a country. There are difficulties in continuing the mode of high energy consumption in the traditional construction industry. Therefore, the future of construction is in the development of green buildings. In the life cycle of a building, the consumption during the construction phase accounts for only approximately 20% of the total energy consumption. Most of the consumption occurs during buildings operations, such as lighting, heating, air conditioning and the running of various electrical appliances. Therefore, this paper focuses on the energy consumed during the building operation period with the aim of optimizing relevant design parameters to reduce total energy consumption. The West Twelfth Teaching Building (WTTB) of Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST) is used as a prototype, and Design Builder is used to establish a model of energy consumption and validate the reliability of the model based on the data obtained from the investigation. Based on this model, the study takes the perspective of energy conservation to analyze ten factors that may affect the energy consumption of the building: the heat transfer coefficient of the roof, the amount of fresh air, the heat transfer coefficient of interior walls, the heat transfer coefficient of the floors, the interior temperature, the energy efficiency ratio of the air conditioner, the thickness of the outer wall insulation, the ratio of windows to walls, the natural ventilation starting temperature and the solar heat gain coefficient of the outer windows. Those factors are then ranked according to their energy-saving potential through partial factorial design tests. The six factors with the most potential for energy savings are selected and divided into 2 groups to conduct a response surface optimization analysis of three factors at three levels. The best level of each factor and the optimal combination of all factors are obtained to reduce building energy consumption to the greatest possible extent and to provide a reference for teaching buildings and similar public buildings (PBs) in achieving the goal of “green building.” 相似文献
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The main objective of this paper was to establish the effect of anthropogenic heat flux on the formation of mixing depth specially in urban areas. In this study an energy balance mixing depth model was developed for the simulation of mixing depth incorporating the heat island effect. To demonstrate the effect of heat island, mixing depths were simulated under two conditions. Under the first condition, hourly gridded anthropogenic heat flux and variant surface characteristics were considered, while under the second condition anthropogenic heat flux term was ignored and constant surface characteristics were considered throughout the modelling domain. The release of anthropogenic heat flux in the urban environment was found to be responsible for the growth of the unstable layer in the lower atmosphere even during the night. This resulted in higher mixing depth values in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside. The maximum differential surfaces sensible heat flux between urban and rural areas was estimated as 130 W/m2. From the simulation of mixing depth, it was revealed that the maximum increment in mixing depth in urban areas was 300 m due to the heat island effect. This increment in mixing depth in urban areas can provide an extra space for dilution and mixing of pollutants. 相似文献
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Madbuli H. Noweir Ahmad A. Moreb Abdullah O. Bafail 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1996,40(3):225-237
The present work was conducted to define the magnitude of the problem of heat exposure in Jeddah and the role of both the climatic and the industrial factors on the total heat load. Indoor heat exposure was studied in an industrial complex of 5 plants for cables' manufacturing. Outdoor heat exposure was studied in shaded and unshaded operations in Jeddah Islamic Port (JIP). The heat exposure parameters, including air temperature (Ta), wet bulb temperature (Tw), and globe temperature (Tg), as well as the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) heat stress index, the relative humidity and the air velocity, were assessed at representative locations. Results of the study indicated that:
An outline of a control strategy has been suggested, emphasizing evaporative engineering heat control, work and hygienic practices and auxiliary cooling clothing. 相似文献
(a) | the levels of heat exposure exceeded the TLV in mostly all the work areas where no air-conditioning is provided. |
(b) | the ambient heat is the factor contributing most to the heat load both in summer and in winter. |
(c) | the radiant heat from furnaces and hot metal rolling and milling adds more heat load to the work environment in specific operations. |
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Heat wave hazard classification and risk assessment using artificial intelligence fuzzy logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Iphigenia Keramitsoglou Chris T. Kiranoudis Bino Maiheu Koen De Ridder Ioannis A. Daglis Paolo Manunta Marc Paganini 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8239-8258
The average summer temperatures as well as the frequency and intensity of hot days and heat waves are expected to increase due to climate change. Motivated by this consequence, we propose a methodology to evaluate the monthly heat wave hazard and risk and its spatial distribution within large cities. A simple urban climate model with assimilated satellite-derived land surface temperature images was used to generate a historic database of urban air temperature fields. Heat wave hazard was then estimated from the analysis of these hourly air temperatures distributed at a 1-km grid over Athens, Greece, by identifying the areas that are more likely to suffer higher temperatures in the case of a heat wave event. Innovation lies in the artificial intelligence fuzzy logic model that was used to classify the heat waves from mild to extreme by taking into consideration their duration, intensity and time of occurrence. The monthly hazard was subsequently estimated as the cumulative effect from the individual heat waves that occurred at each grid cell during a month. Finally, monthly heat wave risk maps were produced integrating geospatial information on the population vulnerability to heat waves calculated from socio-economic variables. 相似文献
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Suzanne E. Kershaw Andrew A. Millward 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(12):7329-7342
The public health consequences of extreme heat events are felt most intensely in metropolitan areas where population density is high and the presence of the urban heat island phenomenon exacerbates the potential for prolonged exposure. This research develops an approach to map potential heat stress on humans by combining temperature and relative humidity into an index of apparent temperature. We use ordinary kriging to generate hourly prediction maps describing apparent temperature across the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. Meteorological data were obtained from 65 locations for 6?days in 2008 when extreme heat alerts were issued for the City of Toronto. Apparent temperature and exposure duration were integrated in a single metric, humidex degree hours (HDH), and mapped. The results show a significant difference in apparent temperature between built and natural locations from 3?pm to 7?am; this discrepancy was greatest at 12?am where built locations had a mean of 2.8 index values larger, t(71)?=?5.379, p?<?0.001. Spatial trends in exposure to heat stress (apparent temperature, ≥30°C) show the downtown core of the City of Toronto and much of Mississauga (west of Toronto) as likely to experience hazardous levels of prolonged heat and humidity (HDH?≥?72) during a heat alert. We recommend that public health officials use apparent temperature and exposure duration to develop spatially explicit heat vulnerability assessment tools; HDH is one approach that unites these risk factors into a single metric. 相似文献
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In this paper we study optimal harvesting of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring stock. The biological model is described
by a discrete time age-structured model. The optimal harvesting patterns are studied numerically and the results show that
when using a linear cost function and constant price in the optimisation model, the optimal harvesting pattern is pulse fishing.
However, optimal constant fishing effort gives only slightly lower profit. Moreover, when price is made responsive to harvest
the optimal harvesting strategy is substantially smoothed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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西藏拉萨市热岛效应及其影响因子分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用2001年、2004年以及2007年三年的EOS/MODIS遥感信息反演的地面温度以及多年常规气象观测资料,讨论了拉萨市热岛现象及其可能影响因子。结果表明:(1)热岛强度的年、季节变化呈现逐渐增强的趋势,其中,冬季的热岛强度最强,其次是春季,秋季和夏季的热岛效应较弱;高温区基本位于城市中心或者县城所在地及其周围,低温区主要集中在各县的郊区;近年来拉萨地区的城市高温区域逐渐扩大,有些高温中心可能向某些区域偏移;遥感资料所获取的地表温度与平均气温之间存在一定的正相关性。(2)无论是年变化,还是季节变化,热岛强度都与风速呈正相关,与日照时数呈负相关,与蒸发量的相关在夏季和冬季分别呈正相关、负相关的相反状况;地表温度与植被分布具有较好的负相关关系,即在城区存在较高的地表温度分布和较小的NDVI,过渡到郊区具有温度减小、NDVI增加的特征;随着城市化进程的加剧,建筑面积不断扩大,人类活动明显增加,排放至大气的人为热增加,这些因素都可能导致热岛强度的增强。 相似文献
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武汉市城区大气监测优化布点研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对武汉市城区网格布点实测TSP、SO2获取了城区大气污染总体水平的数据,运用Fisher最优分割方法,求出城区5个优化测点数,运用模糊聚类方法对武汉城区48个网格测点的TSP、SO2污染强度置信水平进行聚类;运用日均值和百分位数逼近方法检验;结合优化布点原则等,最终确定的TSP、SO2的5个优化测点能集中反映城区大气环境中TSP、SO2的总体污染水平。 相似文献
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基于Landsat 7的武汉市热岛效应研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
城市化使得城市数量和规模不断增加,城市作为人类对自然环境改造最为剧烈的部分,具有独特的区域环境,其中城市内部温度显著高于周边郊区的热岛效应是一个突出的城市环境问题,受到了普遍关注和研究。武汉市是长江中游特大城市,城市热岛效应明显,但对其研究很少。利用Landsat TM6波段数据,生成武汉市城市亮温场,分析了武汉市热场的分布、大小,利用亮温场均值、方差和相对温度评价城市热岛强度,并对城市热场的范围及强度变化与城市发展规模及方向进行了分析,取得了较好的效果。 相似文献