水质自动监测与常规监测结果对比分析

为了系统研究水质自动监测数据与常规监测数据间差异问题,选取15个运行多年的国家地表水水质自动监测站,对p H、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_3-N)及总磷(TP)5项监测指标开展了站房外常规监测、站房内常规监测与自动监测的对比实验研究。通过分析监测结果之间相对误差、相对偏差、水质类别变化发现,站房内常规监测、站房外常规监测与自动监测结果之间误差较小;同时通过误差统计分析及直方图分析发现,地表水水质自动监测系统监测结果与站房外常规监测结果之间误差整体属于随机误差(偶然误差)。研究得到了水质自动监测与常规监测数据一致可比的结论,为水质自动监测数据的应用提供了实验基础。     

苏州河干流水质自动监测系统数据的可靠性分析

以苏州河干流水质自动监测系统为例,通过与实验室数据之间的统计分析,分析苏州河水质在线自动监测系统数据的可靠性。对比分析自动监测系统和实验室的温度、p H、DO、CODMn、NH3-N数据,自动监测系统数据合格,在0.01水平上两者不存在显著性差异,2种方法的结果高度相关,苏州河水质在线自动监测系统测定的数据真实可靠。在自动监测系统的维护中,要对系统关键部分进行不定期的清洗,特别是出现较可疑数据时,应及时寻找原因,解决问题。     

东江中游水质时空分异特征及影响因素研究

运用多元统计方法，对东江中游水质自动站（河源临江站和惠州剑潭站）2009-2012年水质监测数据进行时空分异特征及影响因素研究。结果表明：水站水质在Ⅰ类～Ⅲ类之间；空间特征差异为 T 与 TB 差异不显著，pH 值、EC、DO、IMn、NH3-N 及 TP均存在极显著差异；水期体征差异为河源临江站除 DO各水期差异显著外，其他指标差异不明显，惠州剑潭站 pH值、EC、IMn与 TP各水期均呈显著差异，NH3-N 水期差异不显著。Pearson 相关性分析表明，T 是制约河源临江站水体 DO的主要相关因子，营养盐作用相对较低；惠州剑潭站水体 DO 与 T、TP及 IMn呈极显著负相关关系。通过因子分析，识别出影响惠州剑潭水质的主因子，量化了水体理化性质、地表径流及人为污染对水质变化的贡献。     

Aqualab系统中氨氮测量值偏低的原因和解决办法

广东中山横栏六沙水质氨氮监测使用的是澳大利亚格林斯潘公司Aqualab水质监测系统,在周核查和月比对中[1]发现氨氮的自动测量值连续偏低,经过分析[2],找出导致氨氮测量值偏低的原因,并提出相应的解决办法[3].     

紫外分光光度法测定水中硫酸盐的探讨

紫外分光光度法测定水中微量硫酸盐，具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点，适用于清洁环境水样的分析，回收率为96％－110％，其分析指标符合水质分析要求。     

水质自动监测参数的相关性分析及在水环境监测中的应用

通过水质自动监测数据与常规监测数据比较，表明了自动监测与常规监测数据的一致性；通过对自动监测数据分析，发现五参数可以更直接地反映水质变化，并且五参数之间以及五参数与其他监测指标之间都存在一定的相关性；典型污染事故预警监测案例的分析，更加凸显了五参数连续监测在预警监测中的重要性。     

淮安市区饮用水源水环境现状调查

为了解淮安市区饮用水源水质状况，江苏省水环境监测中心淮宿分中心于1998年—2002年对淮安市区饮用水源地水质进行了监测，结果表明，二河闸水质达Ⅱ类水标准，五毒项目未检出；杨庄闸上游废黄河水质除1999年达Ⅲ类水标准外，其他年份水质均达Ⅱ类水标准，五毒项目未检出；京杭大运河淮安市区段及里运河水质较差，主要是氨氮超标严重，近5年水质基本都是劣于V类水标准。指出，淮河污染问题还没有根本解决，沿淮上游积蓄的污水，时常以小流量下泄，并不时有所增大，经常发生水污染事故；淮阴第二抽水站抽水流量超过40m^3／s时，京杭大运河及里运河污水对淮安市区北京路地面水厂、淮阴区地面水厂两取水口水质产生一定的影响。     

宁波市环境监测中心站饮用水源地藻类课题进展顺利

由宁波市环境监测中心站承担的“宁波市饮用水源地藻类和微生物动态档案库建设”课题，从2004年11月起至今，室外采样工作已基本完成，室内有关水质理化指标和生化指标的监测工作正在进行中，课题中有关藻毒素的监测分析，在国内处于领先水平。该课题的研究工作，将为建立宁波市主要饮用水源动态档案库，进一步保障全市的饮用水水源水质增加监控手段。     

执行GB 3838- 2002《地表水环境质量标准》的思考

指出GB3838－2002《地表水环境质量标准》的内容与GHZB1－1999《地表水环境质量标准》相比有了较大的改动；适用范围增加了具有特定功能的水域，执行相应的专业用水水质标准，标准项目由75项增加至109项，突出了对集中式饮用水源地水质的保护；基本项目标准限值的变化体现Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水从严，其余放宽，少数几项指标从严，总体放宽的原则。分析了GB3838－2002《地表水环境质量标准》水质评价和水质监测的内容,提出环境监测站应关注该标准中水质监测变化的内容。     

水中总酚量的紫外分光度法的测定

为简化光度法测定水中总酚量的操作，对紫外分光光度法测定废水中总酚的方法进行改进，用碱性水溶液代替水溶液，选择λ＝２３５ｍｍ作为测定波长，对标准样品和实际废水样品进行测试，在ｐＨ＝１０～１２之间，相对误差为０．５％～１．０％，相对标准偏差为０．２％～３．０％，回收率９９％～１０２％之间，检测范围（０．０５～５）ｍｇ／Ｌ苯酚。结果准确可靠，快速、简便、成本低、易于实现自动化分析。进行适当改进，可用于自动监测。     

双怠速法测定LPG汽车尾气中污染物的排放水平

依据双怠速法跟踪监测了广州市LPG改装车辆的排气状况，分析了LPG改装车辆排气状况未达到预期效果的原因，提出需加强汽车专用液化气供给系统的建设与管理，确保车用液化气的质量达到规定要求；进一步筛选应用技术可靠、质量稳定的LPG装置，并制定有关规定；加强对油改气车辆的日常检查与维护保养。     

道路交通噪声预测声源简化研究

为了分析《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ 2.4—2009)中将道路声源简化为1条位于道路中心线处的线声源与按照车道数简化为多条线声源之间的误差,针对不同宽度的道路,推导了多条线声源与1条线声源在接收点噪声影响的误差计算公式,并基于Predictor-lima预测软件预测和现场噪声衰减规律实测进行了验证。研究结果表明,对于接收点到道路边缘的距离大于道路宽度的情况,可简化为1条线声源;对于接收点到道路边缘的距离小于道路宽度的情况,应按照车道数简化为多条线声源。     

环境空气质量分析的实践与探讨

以丹东市环境空气质量分析为例对当前采用的环境空气质量分析方法的优缺点进行了评述,指出采用全市多点位平均值分析环境空气质量具有一定缺欠,它们的均值会平滑掉重污染点的监测峰值,反映不出城市应有的污染来;应把对重污染点的监测值的分析作为重点,辅以全市多点位的平均值,分析环境空气污染特征、变化规律,进而查找其污染原因,提出可行的减少或消除环境空气污染的措施和办法。     

县域生态环境质量考评方法研究

通过对县域生态环境质量的考评方法研究，认为县域生态环境质量评价及其指标体系由重庆环境质量背景、人类对生态环境的影响程度及人类对生态环境的适宜度需求３部分组成。提出了县域生态环境质量考评的指标体系和评价方法。介绍了县域生态环境质量考评指标体系的基本原则，体系组成及部分指标说明和县域生态环境质量的评价方法。     

餐饮业油烟监测中需注意的问题

提出在加强对餐饮业环境管理的同时,务必注意油烟监测中的技术问题。指出油烟测试中,不锈钢滤筒优于刚玉滤筒;应用红外分光法测定油烟含量,不受油品成分限制,结果较准确、可比。由于厨房的实际工作灶头数不同,每个灶头发热功率的不同和每个灶头产生油烟量的不同,必须把实际工作灶头数换算为折算工作灶头数,才具有一致性和可比性。折算工作灶头数n=(工作灶头数/实际灶头数)×(排风罩面积/1.1)。     

Application of the probability-based Maryland Biological Stream Survey to the state’s assessment of water quality standards

The Clean Water Act presents a daunting task for states by requiring them to assess and restore all their waters. Traditional monitoring has led to two beliefs: (1) ad hoc sampling (i.e., non-random) is adequate if enough sites are sampled and (2) more intensive sampling (e.g., collecting more organisms) at each site is always better. We analyzed the 1,500 Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) random sites sampled in 2000–2004 to describe the variability of Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores at the site, reach, and watershed scales. Average variability for fish and benthic IBI scores increased with increasing spatial scale, demonstrating that single site IBI scores are not representative at watershed scales and therefore at best 25% of a state’s stream length can be representatively sampled with non-random designs. We evaluated the effects on total taxa captured and IBI precision of sampling for twice as many benthic macroinvertebrates at 73 MBSS sites with replicate samples. When sampling costs were fixed, the precision of the IBI decreased as the number of sites had to be reduced by 15%. Only 1% more taxa were found overall when the 73 sites where combined. We concluded that (1) comprehensive assessment of a state’s waters should be done using probability-based sampling that allows the condition across all reaches to be inferred statistically and (2) additional site sampling effort should not be incorporated into state biomonitoring when it will reduce the number of sites sampled to the point where overall assessment precision is lower.     

Competitive Markets for Pollution Permits: Impact on Factor Income and International Equilibrium

We are interested in the impact of pollution permits on wages and profits. We analyze important consequences of introducing a market of pollution permits. A fundamental issue concerns the initial allocation of such permits: should they be allocated freely by grandfathering or be auctioned. The international symmetric case allows us to capture the essence of the problem on income factor. We show that allocating permits to factors in proportion of their contribution to production leads to an efficient (neoclassical) distribution. Considering the international asymmetric case, we show that a permit market does not modify the competitive world equilibrium without permits when the total allocation is large enough. When it is not, if allocation of permits is not proportional to the emissions in the world without permits, there is a reduction factor of emissions that results from the equilibrium allocation of capital.     

油墨油脂废水生物接触氧化法研究

本文通过试验研究了油墨油脂废水用生物接触氧化处理的可行性，指出微生物必须要经过驯化过程，使其对该种废水有很好的适应性，才能保证处理稳定。     

Carbon monoxide concentrations in outdoor wood-fired kitchens in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso—implications for women’s and children’s health

A majority of households in developing countries rely on biomass fuel for cooking, typically burned in open fires or simple stoves. The incomplete combustion of these fuels causes adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases, especially among women and children. However, quantitative data on pollution levels and on associated diseases are limited. We examined cooking habits and self-reported health in 31 households with outdoor open wood fires in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, using structured interviews. In eight households, carbon monoxide (CO) was measured using passive sampling. In addition, meteorology and ambient CO concentrations were assessed. The average CO concentration during cooking was 4.3 ppm, with a maximum of 65.3 ppm and minimum of 0.3 ppm (1-min values). A clear daily pattern was observed, with relatively low concentrations during the day and high during the evening, occasionally exceeding the World Health Organization 1- and 8-h guidelines when the air stabilised. On average, CO concentrations were 43 % higher in kitchens located in closed yards than in those located in open yards, showing that fireplace location affected the levels. Eye irritation and coughing among women and children were reported by 30 % of the households. Based on previously reported relations between CO concentrations and fine particles (<2.5 μm), the exposure to biomass smoke appears to be high enough to pose a considerable health risk among women and children in households with outdoor open wood fires. The results suggest that burning should be limited between sunset and dawn and in areas with limited ventilation to reduce pollutions levels.