近三十年来刁江流域水质状况的对比分析及其防治建议

本文从《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中选取了十二项指标的Ⅲ类标准限值对刁江河水水质进行了单因子质量现状评价，以《地下水质量标准》（GB／T14848-1993）中的十六项指标对刁江岩溶地下水水质进行了质量综合评价和质量分级，分析了该流域近三十年影响其水质变化的原因，主要是由于上游地区不合理矿山开采造成的尾矿砂乱排乱放和对森林植被的破坏，辖区内居民对水源地保护意识的淡薄也是使水质受到影响的原因之一，因而当地政府要加强对矿山开采的整治力度和增强居民的环境保护意识，这是保证居民健康生活和经济可持续发展的重要措施。     

某城市建筑泥浆污染现状调查研究

以某城市为例,研究城市建筑泥浆的污染现状,并分析泥浆受到污染的原因.结果表明:对照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅳ类标准限值,调研的4个工地泥浆水全部超标;该城市地层土壤中的有机质、总氮、总磷含量高是泥浆水超标的重要原因,工地制浆使用的地表水和污水也不能满足Ⅳ类水质的要求.在建筑工地的管理中,应...     

我国典型村庄农村环境质量监测与评价

选取典型村庄,基于农村环境质量监测和评价方法,对典型村庄2014年农村环境质量进行监测和评价,结果表明:典型村庄环境空气质量状况总体良好,达标比例为82.0%,超标村庄多分布在中国西北地区;农村饮用水源地水质较差,总体水质达标比例为67.1%,地表水和地下水饮用水源地水质达标比例分别为89.8%和52.6%;农村地表水环境质量欠佳,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面占72.7%,饮用水水源地和地表水水质各地区均存在超标村庄;部分地区土壤重金属超标问题较为突出,出现监测项目超标情况村庄占20.6%,土壤超标村庄主要集中在中国东北、华中和华南等地区;农村生态质量状况相对较好,"较差"和"差"的县域主要分布在中国西北和华中北部地区。     

执行GB 3838- 2002《地表水环境质量标准》的思考

指出GB3838－2002《地表水环境质量标准》的内容与GHZB1－1999《地表水环境质量标准》相比有了较大的改动；适用范围增加了具有特定功能的水域，执行相应的专业用水水质标准，标准项目由75项增加至109项，突出了对集中式饮用水源地水质的保护；基本项目标准限值的变化体现Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水从严，其余放宽，少数几项指标从严，总体放宽的原则。分析了GB3838－2002《地表水环境质量标准》水质评价和水质监测的内容,提出环境监测站应关注该标准中水质监测变化的内容。     

2016-2020年珠海市金湾区集中式饮用水水源地环境质量变化特征

根据2016—2020年珠海市金湾区集中式饮用水水源地的监测数据,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数法对金湾区黄绿背水库、爱国水库和木头冲水库环境质量变化趋势及特征进行分析评价。结果表明,2016年3个水库的综合污染指数最高,水质最差,超标因子为总磷,除了2016年黄绿背水库超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准外,其他年份和其他水库水质均达相应水功能区标准; 2016—2020年3个水库水质总体呈好转趋势,但改善趋势不显著,影响水质的主要因子为溶解氧、总磷、化学需氧量和五日生化需氧量; 3个水库水质的综合营养状态指数在10～24范围内,均处于贫营养状态,未呈现富营养化。     

扬州市区地表水金属元素污染状况调查与评价

对扬州市区9条主要江河20种金属元素总量浓度状况进行了调查与评价,初步得到了该地区地表水中金属元素总量浓度的现状值,并提出了该地区金属污染防控的重点区域及特征元素。调查与评价结果表明,以《地表对环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)及《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5794—2006)中金属元素最严标准限值为评价标准,该地区水质级别为轻污染,总量浓度处于正常水平。     

庞庄煤矿煤矸石淋溶液对周边水体影响分析

为研究庞庄煤矿张小楼煤矸石堆场淋溶液对其场地和周边地表水、地下水水质影响情况，围绕煤矸石堆场及周边采集13组水样做分析比对。结果表明，煤矸石堆场淋溶液对周边地表水体形成普遍污染，且污染物浓度随着污染距离增加逐步降低，一般化学污染指标主要包括溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、铁、锰、氨氮等，毒理学污染指标包括亚硝酸盐、氟化物、砷，超标倍率约为0.02~5.36。受距离及成井深度等因素影响，地下水体未遭受淋溶液明显的污染和影响。     

中美饮用水水源水质标准比较

对我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-1993)与美国EPA《清洁水法案》和《安全饮用水法案》中适用范围、分类分级、指标项目、标准限值以及修订周期等方面内容进行比较分析。指出了我国饮用水水源水质标准存在的问题,提出构建和修订我国水源地水质标准的建议。     

“十二五”期间江苏省农村环境试点监测结果浅析

基于"十二五"期间江苏省农村环境试点监测结果,对江苏省试点农村的环境空气、地表水、饮用水水源地、土壤等方面的环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明,江苏省农村环境空气中SO2、NO2和PM10年均值达到《GB 3095—2012》二级标准,苏北地区空气质量优于苏南地区;饮用水水源地水质总体达到《GB 3838—2002》Ⅲ类水质标准,部分地表水断面仍处于Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类;农村土壤环境质量总体处于无污染级别;试点农村环境质量综合指数(RQI)为46~78,苏南地区相对较好。建议进一步提升农村环境监测能力,发展农村环境自动监测并开展定期监测工作,早日说清农村环境质量状况。     

江苏省宿迁市某监测井地下水砷超标原因研究

江苏宿迁市中部某远离工业企业的监测井地下水砷（As）指标连续多期次超《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848—2017）Ⅳ类标准限值。为探究该监测井地下水As长期超标原因，通过在监测井附近新钻取岩芯沉积物中不同形态As的提取实验，结合新井和监测井中地下水的同步取样与水质参数的测试，系统分析了监测井点位地下水As超标的原因。研究结果发现，离监测井5 m处的新井地下水As质量浓度不超标，而监测井中As仍超标。对比新井和监测井的水质参数与沉积物中As的赋存形态发现，在还原性和弱碱性的环境条件下，地下水类型及地层沉积物中碳酸盐结合态的变化可能对地下水As质量分数有明显的影响，而铁-锰氧化物结合态与有机物-硫化物结合态的变化对As质量分数超标影响则有限。此外，不排除可能受到成井工艺不规范与监测井受到串层污染的影响。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...