阅海湖浮游细菌群落结构特征及其驱动因子

通过在2021年4月、7月和10月采集水样,应用16S rDNA高通量测序技术和Mantel test分析,研究阅海湖浮游细菌群落结构、季节变化规律及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明：阅海湖共检出至少119个细菌门,主要菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobiota）、未明菌门（Unidentified_Bacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。拟杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、未明菌门和疣微菌门是造成浮游细菌群落结构差异的主要菌门。阅海湖浮游细菌物种丰度和多样性均存在显著的季节变化特征。 水温、溶解氧、电导率、pH值、总氮和总磷是影响阅海湖浮游细菌群落结构的主要环境因子。     

灌河口海域沉积物中PAHs的垂直分布及生态危害研究

2011年4月通过GC-MS检测和210Pb测年对灌河口海域沉积物(GHES)中的PAHs进行了分析,柱状沉积物中21种PAHs总浓度为21.0~209.0 ng/g,均值为88.1 ng/g,7种致癌PAHs浓度为7.0~90.0 ng/g,其中致癌剂苯并[a]芘浓度为ND~2.0 ng/g。PAHs浓度与沉积物中有机质含量呈低度正相关,与p H无明显相关性。源解析表明,近50年来GHES中的PAHs大部分来自煤和生物质燃烧。近50年来,总PAHs和16种优控PAHs浓度在波动中升高;近年来苊、苊烯、苯并[b]荧蒽、荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘的浓度增高,需查明来源。生态风险评价表明,GHES中以芴为主的负面生物毒性效应会偶尔发生。芴、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽的浓度介于临界与偶然效应浓度值之间,应尽量减少对该海域沉积物的搅动,防止污染物再悬浮导致水体的二次污染。     

长江口及其邻近海域春季大型底栖生物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析

2009年4月对长江口及其邻近海域的21个站位进行了大型底栖生物调查,分析了大型底栖动物的环境质量状况,并结合环境因子数据进行了典范对应分析。结果表明,调查共鉴定大型底栖生物56种,多毛类为主要类群。平均生物量为11.26 g/m2,平均丰度为237.4个/m2。生物量、丰度均呈现由近岸向外海递增的趋势。水深、盐度、初级生产力和有机质、重金属是影响调查海域大型底栖生物群落的主要环境因子。大型底栖生物的分布呈现出对有机污染与重金属污染显著的躲避趋势,表明有机污染与重金属污染已显著影响该海域大型底栖生物的生长。而小头虫、寡节甘吻沙蚕、长手沙蚕和丝鳃虫对有机污染和重金属污染展现出较强的的耐受性。     

淮河干流江苏段着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解淮河干流江苏段着生藻类群落结构时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2020年11月—2021年7月分4个季节布设5个断面采样调查。结果表明：该河段共检出着生藻类5门36属39种,物种组成以硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为主,占比分别为35.90%、33.33%和23.08%;着生藻类群落结构虽然在空间上未出现显著差异,但呈现秋季＞冬季＞春季＞夏季的季节变化趋势;alpha多样性指数和beta多样性距离分析均显示,着生藻类群落变化主要体现在季节差异上,夏季和冬季较春季和秋季变异程度更高;环境因子冗余分析（dbRDA）表明,影响着生藻类群落结构在不同季节之间演替的环境因子各不相同,总氮是营养盐指标中唯一显著的影响因子。     

2012—2019年松花江干流底栖动物群落变化及其对水环境因子的响应

底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落特征通常用来评价水生态环境质量。研究了2012—2019年松花江干流水生态环境质量状况、变化趋势,并应用冗余分析(RDA)探究底栖动物群落结构特征与水环境因子之间的响应关系。结果表明:8年间共鉴定出底栖动物246个分类单元,隶属于4门、9纲、25目、58科、69属,其中水生昆虫的EPT物种为99个分类单元,占总物种数的40.24%;水生昆虫的其他物种为68个分类单元,占总物种数的27.64%;软体动物为36个分类单元,占总物种数的14.63%;环节动物为25个分类单元,占总物种数的10.16%;甲壳动物为18个分类单元,占总物种数的7.32%。底栖动物密度总体呈上升趋势,种类组成总体有所增多,其中环节动物、软体动物和甲壳动物有向水生昆虫转变的趋势,群落结构相对稳定且主要以水生昆虫占比最多,底栖动物密度平均值为5.97×10³个/m²,变化范围为2.86×10³~8.98×10³个/m²,优势科(属)主要为小蜉属Ephemerella、小寡脉蜉属Oligoneuriella、扁蜉属Heptagenia、等蜉属Isonychia、纹石蛾科Hydropsychidae、缺叉多距石蛾属Polycentropus、摇蚊科Chironomidae和圆田螺属Cipangopaludina等。生物指数评价结果多数为\"中等\"及以上,评价结果趋于稳定,且下游评价结果好于上游。松花江干流的水环境质量变化阶段性明显,溶解氧含量升高,氨氮呈下降趋势,其余指标呈波动变化。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明:影响松花江干流底栖动物群落结构变化的主要环境因子是随时间推移而变化的,其中溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮和总氮等指标是影响该监测区域底栖动物群落分布的重要环境因子。     

Ecosystem Responses to Extreme Natural Events: Impacts of Three Sequential Hurricanes in Fall 1999 on Sediment Quality and Condition of Benthic Fauna in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina

A study was conducted in November 1999 to assess sediment quality and condition of benthic fauna in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA, following the passage of three Atlantic hurricanes during the two months prior. Samples for analysis of macroinfauna (>0.5 mm sieve size), chemical contamination of sediments, and other abiotic environmental variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, depth, sediment granulometry) were collected at 20 sites from the mouth of the Neuse River at Pamlico Sound to approximately 90 km upstream. Results were compared to those obtained from the same area in July 1998 using similar protocols. Depressed salinity, caused by extreme rainfall and associated high freshwater flow, persisted throughout much of the estuary, which had experienced periods of water-column stratification and hypoxia of underlying waters. Fifteen of the 20 sites, representing 299 km² (76% of the survey area), also showed signs of benthic stress based on a multi-metric benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). Benthic impacts included reductions in the abundance, diversity, and numbers of species and shifts in taxonomic composition, with a notable increase in dominance of the opportunistic polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta as other former dominant species declined. There was no significant increase in the extent of chemical contamination compared to pre-hurricane conditions. Storm-related reductions in dissoved oxygen and salinity were the more likely causes of the observed benthic impacts, though it was not possible, based on these results, to separate storm effects from seasonal changes in the benthos and annual episodes of summer anoxia and hypoxia.     

Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad

We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T _L and T _H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T _L and 53% T _H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P > 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T _L and T _H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.     

催化分光光度法测定环境样品中微量碘

本文介绍一个简单而灵敏的催化分光光度法,用于测定环境样品中微量碘,本法系基于亚硝酸根存在时微量碘离子催化还原硫氰酸铁络含物,并以分光光度计测量该红色络合物的减弱强度,在一定温度时,该络合物的分解速度正比于磺的含量.在给定的实验条件下,磺离子的浓度在0.001-0.024毫克/升之间服从比尔定律. 本法已成功地应用于天然水、土壤、海底泥和海生物中微量磺的测定,结果良好.     

湖泊微生物群落构建机制及研究展望

湖泊微生物生态过程研究是深入了解湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键。论述了湖泊微生物多样性时空分布规律及群落构建机制研究进展,总结了微生物群落构建机制的分析方法,介绍了微生物生态网络构建原理及应用。群落构建机制分析方法分为统计分析法、模型推断法和生态网络分析法。统计分析法包括群落结构差异分析、群落结构-环境因子关联分析和方差分解分析等,此类方法能够初步识别驱动群落组成与结构时空差异的影响因子,判别空间因素与已知环境变量对群落构建过程的相对贡献;模型推断法包括中性群落模型方法和零模型方法等,能够进一步实现对群落构建生态过程的区分,量化和比较随机性因素及确定性因素的相对重要性;生态网络分析法可用于揭示物种共现模式,探究作为确定性因素的生物相互作用,也可用于物种-环境响应关系的研究,探究环境选择过程对群落结构的影响。     

基于细菌群落分析的南水北调中线北京段微生物污染溯源

快速准确锁定饮用水源地微生物污染来源,对于源头控制和污染治理至关重要。以南水北调中线北京段为研究区域,利用高通量测序以及基于细菌群落分析的微生物溯源技术,系统比较了环境样本与不同潜在污染源样本(包括北京段上游、沉积物、鸟粪、牛粪、羊粪)的细菌群落,进而预测了北京段水体中微生物污染的可能来源。结果表明:沉积物样本具有最高的微生物多样性水平,所有样本中广泛存在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。溯源结果显示:主要微生物污染源为北京段上游水体(平均为80.12%)和北京段水体沉积物(平均为30.02%)。部分样本中检测出鸟粪及牛粪污染,但未检出羊粪污染。因此,在重点关注上游来水水质以及管道中沉积物淤积情况的同时,需加强对北京段水体沉积物中大肠杆菌群的监测。     

Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

好氧颗粒污泥表征技术研究进展

随着好氧污泥颗粒化技术的兴起,好氧颗粒污泥成为研究的热点之一。各国学者对好氧颗粒污泥应用了不同的表征手段,文章对好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质表征方法、物化性质表征方法、生化性质表征方法、性能参数表征方法以及PCR、FISH、DGGE等现代分子生物学技术在好氧颗粒污泥研究中的应用进行了综述。     

超声波萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测沉积物中10种PPCPs化合物

基于EPA1694方法,应用超声波萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了沉积物中对乙酰氨基酚、林可霉素、甲氧苄啶、咖啡因、阿奇霉素、磺胺甲唑、泰乐菌素、地尔硫卓、卡马西平及氟西汀等10种药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的分析检测方法。样品经超声萃取、离心和SAX阴离子交换柱净化,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测(MRM)模式进行离子定性、定量分析。10种药物加标回收率实验结果表明:添加低浓度样品20 ng/g,回收率为61.1%~128.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%~17.5%(n=5);添加高浓度样品400 ng/g,回收率为66.4%~126.7%,RSD为2.3%~18.0%(n=5),最低检测限为0.12~4.46 ng/g。该方法具有检测限低和回收率高的特点,并经实际样品验证发现,该方法适用于检测沉积物中10种PPCPs化合物。