淮河干流河南段水质预测模型试验研究

淮河干流在河南省境内总长417 km,随着区域经济的发展和人口的增长,淮河干流水环境质量形势不容乐观。根据水体扩散理论,建立了淮河干流水质预测相关模型,并进行了科学验证。对淮河干流河南段氨氮、化学需氧量衰减系数及富氧和耗氧系数4个项目开展现场试验及科学分析,为水资源保护规划中计算水体纳污能力、预测污染物浓度、制定污染物控制方案等提供坚实基础和技术支持。     

新疆地表水水质现状分析

以2008年新疆环保系统的水质例行监测结果为基础，分析了新疆地表水水质现状。结果显示，全疆57条监测河流Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质断面比例为81．9％，29座监测湖库Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质比例为55．2％，总体上全疆地表水污染尚不严重，水质污染主要集中在少数流经城市河流的下游河段以及尾间湖和纳污水库，且不同区域间的水体污染程度和比例存在一定差别。     

基于区位商的我国流域水质污染空间差异及影响因素研究

我国十大流域河流污染的空间分布集聚性较为显著,运用区域经济学中的区位商理论和方法来分析十大流域水污染状况的差异性,结果表明,海河、淮河、黄河和辽河的污径比在2002—2012年均大于0.04,2012年污径比的区位商均达2.6以上,并在11年间整体呈升高态势,表明全国河流污染在这4个流域呈现集聚现象,十大流域水质污染的空间差异性不断加深。从水资源量、污染排放、经济社会发展的角度分析海河、淮河、黄河和辽河污染较重的原因,其中单位水资源污染物负荷较重是直接原因,水资源短缺、经济发展和人口集聚导致水资源承载力不堪重负,而生活污染愈加严重、重污染行业集聚效应以及面源污染加剧都给水质改善带来巨大压力,亟需在这些流域加大综合减排力度。     

淮河污染浅析

淮河治污一直是各级环保部门较为关注的问题。本文从淮河污染源排放、水资源利用、产业结构以及农村面源污染方面对淮河流域污染成因进行了初步探讨,并根据线性模型对淮河水质进行了验证和预测,同时提出了一些污染治理建议。     

新疆干旱区地表水环境质量变化趋势分析

为了研究新疆干旱区地表水的水环境质量变化趋势,基于2011—2019年新疆地表水的水质监测数据,运用综合污染指数法、Daniel趋势检验等方法,对新疆地表水环境质量变化趋势进行分析。研究结果发现,新疆地表水水质变化稳定,部分流经城市河流及纳污水库水质污染程度有所减轻。     

东母猪河水环境容量研究

通过对水体环境特征和水文，水质实测资料的分析，建立了东母猪河水质模型，应用Ｌｏｕｃｋｓ程序及稀释容量与自净容量单独求解而后求和的方法，计算出河流的水环境容量，为开展中，小河流水环境容量研究提供了一套可借鉴的工作方法和技术路线。     

基于LOADEST模型和M-K检验的淮河入洪泽湖氮磷污染通量分析

基于2015—2020年淮河入洪泽湖断面的水文水质数据，利用LOADEST模型建立污染物通量与河流流量之间的统计回归模型，并估算淮河入洪泽湖总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）污染物通量。结果表明，2005—2020年间淮河TN、TP年平均输移通量分别为（4 730.14±1 893.32）t、（257.56.±108.53）t；受流量变幅影响，TN、TP输移通量与河流流量均呈极显著性相关关系（p＜0.01）。采用M-K检验分析发现，研究期间淮河TN和TP的输移通量总体上呈下降趋势，2018年12月后受入湖水量与氮磷浓度双重影响氮磷输移通量下降趋势更为明显。     

盘龙河流域保守污染物水环境容量计算分析

本文分析了盘龙河流域的污染状况,提出了盘龙河主要一级支流保守污染物水环境容量的计算原则、设计水文条件和水质保护目标。利用零维稳态水流水质数学模型计算了盘龙河流域保守污染物水环境容量。结果表明:①从整个流域来看,目前盘龙河流域保守污染物的排放量小于计算得到的流域最大允许纳污量,保守污染物尚未形成流域污染;②由于盘龙河干流设计流量相对较大,盘龙河砚山-文山开发利用区和盘龙河文山-麻栗坡保留区保守污染物的水环境容量被虚置,水功能区水质保护目标可作适当调整。     

基于GWLF模型的于桥水库入库河流水文模拟及氮磷负荷估算

流域模型技术应用是当前开展面源污染防治的重要工具，而水文过程的准确模拟是进行污染负荷估算的首要环节和关键步骤。为了弄清近年来于桥水库入库河流氮、磷输入负荷，选取GWLF模型对水平口子流域的水文过程进行模拟，首先利用2006—2018年气象、水文资料率定模型水文参数，然后将参数推广到整个流域，对2019—2020年3条主要入库河流流量进行模拟，最后乘以相应河流断面的总氮、总磷浓度估算氮磷输入负荷。结果显示：GWLF模型适用于研究区的水文过程模拟，校准期和验证期的纳氏系数分别为0.89和0.91，平均相对误差分别为12.2%和13.1%；2020年总氮入库负荷为3 977.0 t，其中引滦调水贡献占57.0%，3条入库河流共贡献43.0%；总磷入库负荷为48.8 t，其中引滦调水贡献占68.6%，3条入库河流共贡献31.4%。GWLF模型输入数据需求量较少，模型参数较少，模拟效果较好，适用于中小型流域的水资源和水环境管理，具有一定的推广应用前景。     

环境复杂河段网络站水质监测点位认证数据处理技术方法探讨

根据淮河淮南段水环境背景条件复杂状况，采用统计学和水质模型综合方法，较好解决了水质监测点位认证中数据处理，为多监测断面点位优化选择和论证提供了理论基础。     

四川省毛河流域污染综合治理方案探讨

分析了四川省毛河流域各类污染源分布状况及水质现状,采用一维稳态单组分水质模型、多宾斯-坎普稳态模型,引入水文数据、水质监测数据、环境统计数据、社会统计公报数据,以Excel作为数据平台,对毛河水环境进行了动态模拟,反演出主要污染物降解系数。总结了毛河水环境目前存在的问题,并模拟计算了2种污染综合治理方案实施后对毛河水质的影响,确定了毛河流域水污染综合治理的重点以及制约因子。     

DO-BOD modeling of River Yamuna for national capital territory, India using STREAM II, a 2D water quality model

The study illustrates the utility of STREAM II as a modeling package to determine the pollution load due to organic matter in the River Yamuna during its course through the National Capital Territory that is Delhi, India. The study was done for a period from 1995–2005. Model simulates the dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand parameters in a two-dimensional fashion by performing the numerical solution to a set of differential equations representing aquatic life with the help of Crank–Nicholson finite difference method. The model was simulated and calibrated through the field water-quality primary data and the secondary data which were taken from Central Pollution Control Board. The main reasons for the high river pollution is increasing population of Delhi and other states, leading to generation of huge amounts of domestic sewage into the river Yamuna. The model gave a good agreement between calibrated and observed data, thus, actualizing the validity of the model. However, discrepancies noticed during model calibrations were attributed to the assumptions adopted in the model formulation and to lack of field data.     

苏州河近20年水质状况研究

通过对近20年来上海市苏州河沿程13个断面的常规水质监测教据进行整理分析,总结各常规监测指标项目的变化趋势.并通过分析沿程水质变化和几项重要水质指标的比值变化并探讨了变化的原因,从而得出上海市苏州河水质得到明显改善的结论.     

山东省主要河流中抗生素污染组成及空间分布特征

采用固相萃取-液相色谱/串联质谱法研究了山东省境内四大流域主要河流中抗生素污染组成及空间分布特征,涉及我国用量最大的6类共20种抗生素。结果表明:20种抗生素均有检出,且大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素整体检出浓度较高。就流域而言,半岛诸河流域抗生素污染较小,平均总质量浓度61.4 ng/L;海河流域、小清河流域和淮河流域相对较为严重,平均总质量浓度分别为232、175、118 ng/L。抗生素空间分布呈现一定的规律,检出浓度较高的点位主要集中在人口密集区下游,抗生素污染与周边生活污水、养殖企业废水和城市污水处理厂排水密切相关,而且抗生素组成可从一定程度上反映出污染来源。     

Assessing Impact of Urbanization on River Water Quality In The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China

The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is one of the most developed regions in China. It has been undergoing a rapid urbanization since the reformation and opening of China in 1978. This process plays a significant impact on the urban environment, particularly river water quality. The main goal of this present study is to assess the impact of urban activities especially urbanization on river water quality for the study area. Some Landsat TM images from 2000 were used to map the areas for different pollution levels of urban river sections for the study area. In addition, an improved equalized synthetic pollution index method was utilized to assess the field analytical results. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the rapidity of urbanization and the pollution levels of urban river water. Compared to the rural river water, urban river water was polluted more seriously. During the urban development process, urbanization and urban activities had a significant negative impact on the river water quality.     

跨界流域环境管理与预警——欧洲经验与启示

工业革命以后,欧洲流域的污染事故进入高发期,欧洲各国以流域为单位,共同商讨对策,联合开展治理工作,使流域水环境得到了很大的改善.目前,欧洲对流域的管理已经形成了一套较为科学、成熟的模式.针对中国水环境污染事故频发的状况,总结了莱茵河流域管理模式和多瑙河流域预警系统的发展经验,对构建中国流域范围内环境预警系统提出了相关思...     

Influence of changes in hydrodynamic conditions on cadmium transport in tidal river network of the Pearl River Delta, China

With rapid economic development, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China has experienced a series of serious heavy metal pollution events. Considering complex hydrodynamic and pollutants transport process, one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and heavy metal transport model were developed for tidal river network of the PRD. Then, several pollution emergency scenarios were designed by combining with the upper inflow, water quality and the lower tide level boundary conditions. Using this set of models, the temporal and spatial change process of cadmium (Cd) concentration was simulated. The influence of change in hydrodynamic conditions on Cd transport in tidal river network was assessed, and its transport laws were summarized. The result showed the following: Flow changes in the tidal river network were influenced remarkably by tidal backwater action, which further influenced the transport process of heavy metals; Cd concentrations in most sections while encountering high tide were far greater than those while encountering middle or low tides; and increased inflows from upper reaches could intensify water pollution in the West River (while encountering high tide) or the North River (while encountering middle or low tides).     

Possible way to substantial improvement of early warning system in the International Odra (Oder) River Basin

Water ecosystems are threatened by accidental spills of pollution. Rapidity and trueness of information gathering the biological impact of accidental pollution is crucial for the efficiency of the minimisation of possible deterioration of ecosystems and for success in detecting the source of pollution. Due to the randomised occurrence of accidental spills the only way to quickly detect hazardous situations is to perform continuous monitoring of surface water quality. The current situation in the field of early warning in the International Odra (Oder) River basin is not satisfactory. The actual number of monitoring stations and list of routinely continuously monitored parameters are not able to meet the needs of sensitive and rapid detection of biological impact of accidental pollution spills. An effort to change this unfavourable situation was the reason for the offer survey, selection and a model operation of a commercially produced biological monitoring device. This apparatus was located on the border-line profile on the territory of the Czech Republic and represented the first and only one tool of continual biological monitoring of surface water quality in the International Odra (Oder) River Basin. The selected apparatus was the Daphnia Toximeter produced by the firm bbe Moldaenke (Kiel, Germany). This device exploited for rapid detection of changes of biological quality of surface water evaluation of behavioural response of monitoring organisms??daphnids. Five years of model operation proved its suitability for early warning purposes. The apparatus was reliable in function and sensitive enough to detect the deterioration of the biological quality of the river water. The given examples document its applicability not only for detection of accidental spills but also of illegal emissions of pollution, which are very often toxic.